চৰাই: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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===প্ৰব্ৰজন===
 
Manyবিশ্বৰ birdবিভিন্ন speciesঠাইত migrateঋতু toঅনুযায়ী takeহোৱা advantageউষ্ণতাৰ ofপৰিৱৰ্তনৰ globalসুবিধা differencesলৈ ofচৰায়ে [[season]]alখাদ্য temperatures,আৰু thereforeপ্ৰজননৰ optimisingঠাইৰ availabilityসন্ধানত ofপ্ৰব্ৰজন foodকৰে৷ sourcesচৰাইৰ andপ্ৰজাতি breedingভেদে habitat.এনে Theseপ্ৰব্ৰজননৰ migrationsধৰণো varyবেলেগ amongবেলেগ theহয়৷ differentবহুতো groups.স্থলচৰ Many landbirdsপক্ষী, [[shorebird]]s,সাগৰীয় andআৰূ [[waterbird]]sজলাশয় undertakeসমূহৰ annualচৰাই longআদিয়ে distanceবছৰেকত migrations,এবাৰ usuallyদীঘলীয়া triggeredদুৰত্ব byঅতিক্ৰম theকৰি lengthপ্ৰব্ৰজন ofকৰে৷ daylightএই asপ্ৰক্ৰিয়া wellসাধাৰণতে asদিনৰ weatherদৈৰ্ঘ্য conditions.(length Theseof birdsdaylight) areআৰু characterisedবতৰৰ byওপৰত aনিৰ্ভৰ breedingকৰে৷ seasonএই spentচৰাইসমূহে inপ্ৰজননৰ theসময়খিনি [[:en: Temperate|temperate]] orবা উত্তৰ নাইবা দক্ষিণ গোলাৰ্ধ ( [[:en:Arctic|arctic]]/[[:en:Antarctic| antarctic]])ত regionsকটায় andবাকী aসময়ছোৱা non-breedingবিষুৱীয় season in theঅঞ্চল ([[:en: Tropical|tropical]])ত regionsঅতিবাহিত orকৰে৷ oppositeপ্ৰব্ৰজনৰ hemisphere.আগে Beforeআগে migration,চৰায়ে birds substantiallyদেহৰ increaseচৰ্বী (body fatsfat) andবৃদ্ধি reservesকৰে andআৰু reduceকিছুমান theঅংগৰ sizeআকাৰ ofহ্ৰাস someকৰি ofতোলে৷ their organs.<ref name = "Battley"/><ref name = "Klaassen">{{Cite journal|last=Klaassen |first=Marc |coauthors= |date=1 January 1996|title=Metabolic constraints on long-distance migration in birds |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=199 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |pmid=9317335 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/199/1/57 |issn=0022-0949}}</ref> Migrationচৰায়ে isঅকণো highlyজিৰণী demandingনোলোৱাকৈ energetically,মৰুভূমি-সাগৰ particularlyসকলো asপাৰ birdsহৈ needযাব toলাগে crossবাবে desertsপ্ৰব্ৰজননৰ andসময়ত oceansযথেষ্ট withoutশক্তিৰ refuelling.প্ৰয়োজন Landbirdsহয়৷ haveস্থলচৰ aচৰায়ে flightসাধাৰণতে range২৫০০ ofকি:মি: aroundপৰ্যন্ত {{convert|2500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}আৰু andসাগৰীয় shorebirdsচৰায়ে can৪০০০ flyকি:মি: upপৰ্যন্ত toপ্ৰব্ৰজন কৰিব পাৰে৷ {{convert|4000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}},<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite book|last=Gill |first=Frank |year=1995 |title=Ornithology |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=W.H. Freeman |isbn=0-7167-2415-4|pages=}}</ref> although theঅৱশ্যে [[:en: Bar-tailed Godwit|Bar-tailed Godwit]] isনামৰ capableচৰাইবিধে ofএকেৰাহে non-stop১০২০০ flightsকি:মি: ofপৰ্যন্ত upপ্ৰব্ৰজন toকৰাত সক্ষম৷ {{convert|10200|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Long-distance Godwit sets new record |url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/04/bar-tailed_godwit_journey.html |date=4 May 2007 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |accessdate=13 December 2007}}</ref> [[Seabird]]sসাগৰীয় alsoচৰাই undertakeসমূহৰ long migrations, the longest annual migration being those ofভিতৰত [[:en:Sooty Shearwater|Sooty Shearwater]]s, whichনামৰ nestচৰাইবিধে inসৰ্বাধিক দুৰত্ব অতিক্ৰম কৰে৷ ই [[New Zealandনিউজিলেণ্ড]] andআৰু [[Chileচিলি]] and(Chile) spendবাহ theসাজি northernপোৱালিজগায় summerআৰু feedingগ্ৰীষ্মকালটো in the North Pacific off Japan[জাপান]], [[Alaskaআলাস্কা]] andআৰু [[Californiaকেলিফৰ্ণিয়া]], anঅতিবাহিত annualকৰে৷ roundএনেদৰে tripবছৰেকত ofই প্ৰায় ৬৪০০০ কি: মি: পৰ্যন্ত প্ৰব্ৰজন কৰে৷ {{convert|64000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaffer |first=Scott A. |year=2006 |title=Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=34 |pages=12799–802 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603715103 |pmid= 16908846 |month= August|issn=0027-8424 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16908846 |last2=Tremblay |first2=Y |last3=Weimerskirch |first3=H |last4=Scott |first4=D |last5=Thompson |first5=DR |last6=Sagar |first6=PM |last7=Moller |first7=H |last8=Taylor |first8=GA |last9=Foley |first9=DG |pmc=1568927}}</ref> Other seabirds disperse after breeding, travelling widely but having no set migration route. Albatrosses nesting in the [[Southern Ocean]] often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Croxall |first=John P. |year=2005 |title=Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5707 |pages=249–50 |doi=10.1126/science.1106042 |pmid=15653503 |month= January|issn=0036-8075 |last2=Silk |first2=JR |last3=Phillips |first3=RA |last4=Afanasyev |first4=V |last5=Briggs |first5=DR}}</ref>
 
[[File:Bar-tailed Godwit migration.jpg|alt= A map of the Pacific Ocean with several coloured lines representing bird routes running from New Zealand to Korea|thumb|left|The routes of satellite-tagged [[Bar-tailed Godwit]]s migrating north from [[New Zealand]]. This species has the longest known non-stop migration of any species, up to {{convert|10200|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.]]
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