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চৰাই: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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===ভাৱ বিনিময় (Communication)===
[[File:Stavenn Eurypiga helias 00.jpg|thumb|alt= Large brown patterned ground bird with outstretched wings each with a large spot in the centre| right|The startling display of the [[Sunbittern]] mimics a large predator.]]
Birdsচৰায়ে sometimesমূখ্যত: usevisual plumageand toauditory assessসংকেত and(signal)ৰ assertসহায়ত socialইটোৱে সিটোৰ স'তে যোগাযোগ কৰে৷ ই বেলেগ বেলেগ প্ৰজাতিৰ মাজত (intraspecific-within species) বা নিজৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ভিতৰত (interspecific -between species) হ'ব পাৰে৷ কেতিয়াবা চৰায়ে সামাজিক ভাৱে নিজৰ প্ৰভুত্ব (dominance,) দেখুৱাবলৈ গাৰ বৰণ অৰ্থাৎ প্লুমেজও বৰৱহাৰ কৰা দেখা যায়৷ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Möller |first=Anders Pape |year=1988 |title=Badge size in the house sparrow ''Passer domesticus''|journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=373–78}}</ref> to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the [[Sunbittern]]'s mimicry of a large predator to ward off [[hawk]]s and protect young chicks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas |first=Betsy Trent |date=1 August 1990|title=Nesting Behavior of Sunbitterns (''Eurypyga helias'') in Venezuela |journal=The Condor |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=576–81 |doi=10.2307/1368675 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v092n03/p0576-p0581.pdf|format=PDF |issn=00105422 |author2=Strahl}}</ref> Variationপ্ৰজননৰ inসময়ত plumageচৰাইৰ alsoআটাইতকৈ allowsদীঘলীয়া forআৰু theনান্দনিক identificationপ্ৰদৰ্ষণ of(display) birds,দেখা particularlyযায় between৷ species.ইয়াক Visualনাচ communicationবুলি amongকোৱা birdsহয় mayযি alsoপ্ৰকৃততে involveবিভিন্ন ritualisedজটিল displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.<ref name = "Gill"/> The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations ofদেহ manyসঞ্চালনৰ possibleসমষ্টি componentহয়৷ movements;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pickering |first=S. P. C. |year=2001 |title=Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross ''Diomedea exulans'' at Bird Island, South Georgia |journal=Marine Ornithology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |url=http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/29_1/29_1_6.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> males'মতা breedingচৰাইৰ successপ্ৰজননৰ mayসাফল্য dependএনে onপ্ৰদৰ্শনৰ theওপৰতো qualityবহু ofনিৰ্ভৰ suchকৰে৷ displays.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pruett-Jones |first=S. G. |date=1 May 1990|title=Sexual Selection Through Female Choice in Lawes' Parotia, A Lek-Mating Bird of Paradise |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=486–501 |doi=10.2307/2409431 |issn=00143820 |author2=Pruett-Jones}}</ref>▼
Birds [[Animal communication|communicate]] using primarily visual and auditory signals. Signals can be interspecific (between species) and intraspecific (within species).
 
[[File:Troglodytes aedon.ogg|thumb|right| উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ চৰাই হাউচ ৰেন (House Wren) ৰ গান ]]
▲Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Möller |first=Anders Pape |year=1988 |title=Badge size in the house sparrow ''Passer domesticus''|journal=[[Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology]] |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=373–78}}</ref> to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the [[Sunbittern]]'s mimicry of a large predator to ward off [[hawk]]s and protect young chicks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas |first=Betsy Trent |date=1 August 1990|title=Nesting Behavior of Sunbitterns (''Eurypyga helias'') in Venezuela |journal=The Condor |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=576–81 |doi=10.2307/1368675 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v092n03/p0576-p0581.pdf|format=PDF |issn=00105422 |author2=Strahl}}</ref> Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds.<ref name = "Gill"/> The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pickering |first=S. P. C. |year=2001 |title=Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross ''Diomedea exulans'' at Bird Island, South Georgia |journal=Marine Ornithology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–37 |url=http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/29_1/29_1_6.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pruett-Jones |first=S. G. |date=1 May 1990|title=Sexual Selection Through Female Choice in Lawes' Parotia, A Lek-Mating Bird of Paradise |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=486–501 |doi=10.2307/2409431 |issn=00143820 |author2=Pruett-Jones}}</ref>
 
[[File:Troglodytes aedon.ogg|thumb|right|Call of the [[House Wren]], a common North American songbird]]
[[Bird vocalization|Bird calls and songs]], which are produced in the [[Syrinx (biology)|syrinx]], are the major means by which birds communicate with [[sound]]. This communication can be very complex; some species can operate the two sides of the syrinx independently, allowing the simultaneous production of two different songs.<ref name = "Suthers"/>
Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction,<ref name = "Gill"/> evaluation of potential mates,<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08927014.1994.9522988 |last=Genevois |first=F. |year=1994|last2=Bretagnolle|first2=V. |title=Male Blue Petrels reveal their body mass when calling |journal=Ethology Ecology and Evolution |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=377–83 |url=http://ejour-fup.unifi.it/index.php/eee/article/view/667/613}}</ref> bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories,<ref name = "Gill"/> the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jouventin |first=Pierre |month= June|year=1999 |title=Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: the acoustic system of individual recognition |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1175–83 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1999.1086 |pmid=10373249 |issn=0003-3472 |last2=Aubin |first2=T |last3=Lengagne |first3=T}}</ref> and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Templeton |first=Christopher N. |year=2005 |title=Allometry of Alarm Calls: Black-Capped Chickadees Encode Information About Predator Size |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5730 |pages=1934–37 |doi=10.1126/science.1108841 |pmid=15976305 |month= June|issn=0036-8075 |last2=Greene |first2=E |last3=Davis |first3=K}}</ref> Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The ''[[Coenocorypha]]'' [[snipe]]s of [[New Zealand]] drive air through their feathers,<ref name = "Miskelly">{{Cite journal|last=Miskelly |first=C. M. |coauthors= |month=July |year=1987 |title=The identity of the hakawai |journal=Notornis |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=95–116 |url=http://www.notornis.org.nz/free_issues/Notornis_34-1987/Notornis_34_2.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> [[woodpecker]]s drum territorially,<ref name = "Attenborough"/> and [[Palm Cockatoo]]s use tools to drum.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murphy |first=Stephen |year=2003 |title=The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (''Probosciger aterrimus''): a case of a slow life history |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=261 |issue=4 |pages=327–39 |doi=10.1017/S0952836903004175 |last2=Legge |first2=Sarah |last3=Heinsohn |first3=Robert}}</ref>
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