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===প্ৰজনন===
====সমাজ====
[[File:Raggiana Bird-of-Paradise wild 5.jpg|thumb|alt= Bird faces up with green face, black breast and pink lower body. Elaborate long feathers on the wings and tail.|right|Likeবাৰ্ড othersঅব পেৰেডাইজ ([[:en:Bird of itsParadise|Bird familyof theParadise]])ৰ maleঅন্তৰ্গত অন্য প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ দৰেই [[:en:Raggiana Bird of Paradise|Raggiana Bird of Paradise]]ৰ মতা চৰাইটোৰো প্ৰজনন কালত অত্যন্ত উজ্জ্বল আৰু দেখনিয়াৰ ৰং হোৱা দেখা যায়৷ hasই elaborateমাইকী breedingচৰাইজনীক plumageমুগ্ধ usedকৰাত toসহায় impressকৰে৷ females.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/MU9810193|last=Frith|first=C.B|title=Displays of Count Raggi's Bird-of-Paradise ''Paradisaea raggiana'' and congeneric species|journal=Emu|volume=81|issue = 4|pages=193–201| url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MU9810193.htm|year=1981}}</ref>]]
চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতিসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ৯৫% চৰায়ে একগামী (monogamous)৷ প্ৰজাতি ভেদে চৰায়ে প্ৰায়ে প্ৰজনন কালছোৱা, কেতিয়াবা কেইবাবছৰলৈ আৰু কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্ৰত মৃত্যু পৰ্যন্ত যোৰা পাতি থাকে৷ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freed|first=Leonard A.|year=1987|title=The Long-Term Pair Bond of Tropical House Wrens: Advantage or Constraint?|journal=[[The American Naturalist]]|volume=130|issue=4|pages=507–25|doi=10.1086/284728}}</ref> একগামীতাই মাক-দেউতাকৰ যত্নৰ নিশ্চিতি দিয়ে৷<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowaty|first=Patricia A.|title=Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (''Sialia sialis'')|journal=[[The American Naturalist]]|volume=121|issue=2|pages=149–60|year=1983|doi=10.1086/284047}}</ref>
Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Freed|first=Leonard A.|year=1987|title=The Long-Term Pair Bond of Tropical House Wrens: Advantage or Constraint?|journal=[[The American Naturalist]]|volume=130|issue=4|pages=507–25|doi=10.1086/284728}}</ref> Monogamy allows for [[Parental investment|biparental care]], which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowaty|first=Patricia A.|title=Male Parental Care and Apparent Monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (''Sialia sialis'')|journal=[[The American Naturalist]]|volume=121|issue=2|pages=149–60|year=1983|doi=10.1086/284047}}</ref> Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Westneat|first=David F.|year=2003|title=Extra-pair paternity in birds: Causes, correlates, and conflict|url=http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132439|journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]]|volume=34|pages=365–96|last2=Stewart|first2=Ian R.K.}}</ref> Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other [[anatidae|anatid]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gowaty|first=Patricia A.|year=1998|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_199802/ai_n8791262|title=Ultimate causation of aggressive and forced copulation in birds: Female resistance, the CODE hypothesis, and social monogamy|journal=[[American Zoologist]]|volume=38|issue=1|pages=207–25|doi=10.1093/icb/38.1.207|last2=Buschhaus|first2=Nancy}}</ref> For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sheldon|first=B|year=1994|title=Male Phenotype, Fertility, and the Pursuit of Extra-Pair Copulations by Female Birds|journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences|volume=257|issue=1348|pages=25–30|doi=10.1098/rspb.1994.0089}}</ref> Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wei|first=G|year=2005|title=Copulations and mate guarding of the Chinese Egret |doi=10.1675/1524-4695(2005)28[527:CAMGOT]2.0.CO;2|journal=Waterbirds|volume=28|issue=4|pages=527–30|last2=Zuo-Hua|first2=Yin|last3=Fu-Min|first3=Lei|issn=1524-4695}}</ref>
অন্যান্য বংশবৃদ্ধিৰ প্ৰক্ৰিয়া (mating systems) সমূহ হ'ল, পলিগাইনি ([[:en:Polygyny|polygyny]], পলিএন্ড্ৰি ([[:en:Polyandry|polyandry]]), পলিগেমী ([[:en:Polygamy|polygamy]]), পলিগাইনেন্ড্ৰি ([[:en: Polygynandry|polygynandry]]) আৰু [[:en:Promiscuity|promiscuity]] ইত্যাদি৷ <ref name = "Gill"/>
Other mating systems, including [[polygyny]], [[polyandry]], [[polygamy]], [[polygynandry]], and [[promiscuity]], also occur.<ref name = "Gill"/> Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.<ref name = "Gill"/> Some species may use more than one system depending on the circumstances.
Breedingপ্ৰজননৰ usuallyসময়ত involvesপ্ৰধানকৈ someমতা formচৰাইটোৱে ofবিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ প্ৰদৰ্ষণ (courtship display,) typicallyকৰে৷ performed by the male.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Short|first=Lester L.|year=1993|title=Birds of the World and their Behavior|publisher=Henry Holt and Co|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-1952-9}}</ref> Mostপ্ৰায়বোৰ displaysএনে areপ্ৰদৰ্শন ratherসাধাৰণতে simpleচৰাইৰ andগান involveবা some type of [[bird song|song]].বিশেষ Someমাত displays, howeverনাচোন, areউৰন্ত quiteঅৱস্থাত elaborate.কৰা Dependingডেউকাৰ onকৌশল theআদিৰ species,মাধ্যমত theseহয়৷ mayমাইকী includeচৰায়ে wingএনে orপ্ৰদৰ্শন tailসমূহৰ drumming,ভিত্তিত dancing,পছন্দৰ aerialমতা flights,চৰাইটো orনিজৰ communalলগৰীয়া [[lekহিচাপে (matingবাচনি arena)|lek]]king.কৰে৷ Females are generally the ones that drive partner selection,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burton|first=R|year=1985|title=Bird Behavior|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Inc|isbn=0-394-53957-5}}</ref> although in the polyandrous [[phalaropes]], this is reversed: plainer males choose brightly coloured females.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schamel|first=D|year=2004|title=Mate guarding, copulation strategies and paternity in the sex-role reversed, socially polyandrous red-necked phalarope ''Phalaropus lobatus''|journal=Behaviour Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=57|issue=2|pages=110–18|url=http://www.springerlink.com/index/8BE48GKGYF2Q40LT.pdf|doi=10.1007/s00265-004-0825-2|format=PDF|last2=Tracy|first2=Diane M.|last3=Lank|first3=David B.|last4=Westneat|first4=David F.}}</ref> [[Courtship feeding]], [[Beak#Billing|billing]] and allopreening are commonly performed between partners, generally after the birds have paired and mated.<ref name = "Attenborough"/>
[[Homosexuality in animals#Birds|Homosexual behaviour has been observed]] in males or females in numerous species of birds, including copulation, pair-bonding, and joint parenting of chicks.<ref>Bagemihl, Bruce. ''Biological exuberance: Animal homosexuality and natural diversity.'' New York: St. Martin's, 1999. Pp. 479-655. One hundred species are described in detail.</ref>
====বাহ সজা আৰু উমনি====
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