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====বাহ সজা আৰু উমনি====
Manyপ্ৰয়ভাগ birdsচৰায়ে activelyপ্ৰজনন defendকালত a territoryনিজৰ fromঅধিকাৰ othersক্ষেত্ৰ ofবা theটেৰিট'ৰী same species during the breeding season;(territory) maintenanceআন ofচৰাই territoriesসমূহৰ protectsপৰা theসক্ৰিয়ভাৱে foodৰক্ষা sourceকৰি forচলে৷ theirআনহাতে chicks.যিবিলাক Speciesচৰায়ে thatনিজৰ areটেৰিট'ৰী unableৰক্ষা toকৰিব defendনোৱেৰে feedingযেনে- territories,সাগৰীয় suchচৰাই asসমূহে [[seabird]]sকল'নি andবা [[swift]]s,বৃহৎ oftenগোট breedগঠন inকৰি [[Birdবাস colony|colonies]]কৰে instead;যাতে thisভক্ষকৰ isপৰা thoughtবাচি toথাকিব offerপাৰে৷ protectionএনেকৈ fromকল'নি predators.গঠন Colonialকৰি breedersবাস defendকৰা smallচৰাই nestingসমূহে sites,নিজৰ andনিজৰ competitionবাহ betweenসজা andঠাইখন withinকেৱল speciesআন forচৰাইৰ nestingপৰা sitesৰক্ষা canকৰি beচলে৷ intense.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kokko | first1 = H | last2 = Harris | first2 = M | last3 = Wanless | first3 = S | year = 2004 | title = Competition for breeding sites and site-dependent population regulation in a highly colonial seabird, the common guillemot ''Uria aalge'' | url = | journal = Journal of Animal Ecology | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 367–76 | doi = 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00813.x }}</ref>
Allসকলো birdsচৰায়ে layকেলছিয়াম কাৰ্বনেট ([[amniotic:en:Calcium eggcarbonate|calcium carbonate]]s)এৰে withগঠিত টান খোলা (hard shells) madeৰে mostlyআবৃত ofএমনিয়টিক কণী ([[calcium:en:Amniotic egg| amniotic carbonateegg]].) পাৰে৷ <ref name = "Gill"/> Holeগছৰ andখোৰোং burrowবা nestingগাতত speciesকণী tendপৰা toচৰাইৰ layকণীবোৰ whiteসাধাৰণতে orবগা paleবা eggs,শেঁতা whileবৰণৰ openআৰু nestersমুকলি layঠাইত [[camouflage]]dবাহ eggs.সাজি Thereকণী areপৰা manyচৰাইৰ exceptionsকণীবোৰ toচৌদিশৰ thisপৰিৱেশৰ pattern,লগত however;মিলি the ground-nesting [[nightjar]]s have pale eggs, andথকা (camouflage) is instead provided by their plumage. Species that are victims of [[brood parasites]] have varying egg colours to improve the chances of spotting a parasite's egg, which forces female parasites to match their eggs to thoseবৰণৰ ofহয়৷ their hosts.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Booker | first1 = L | last2 = Booker | first2 = M | year = 1991 | title = Why Are Cuckoos Host Specific? | journal = [[Oikos (journal)|Oikos]] | volume = 57 | issue = 3| pages = 301–09 | doi = 10.2307/3565958 | jstor=3565958}}</ref>
[[File:Golden-backed Weaver.jpg|thumb|left|alt= Yellow weaver (bird) with black head hangs an upside-down nest woven out of grass fronds.|Maleমতা [[:en: Golden-backed Weaver|Golden-backed Weaver]]s constructচৰায়ে elaborateঘাঁহ suspendedবনেৰে nestsসুন্দৰকৈ outবাহ ofসাজে৷ grass]]
Bird eggs are usually laid in a [[Bird nest|nest]]. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests, which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows.<ref name = "Hansell">Hansell M (2000). ''Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour''. University of Cambridge Press ISBN 0-521-46038-7</ref> Some bird nests, however, are extremely primitive; [[albatross]] nests are no more than a scrape on the ground. Most birds build nests in sheltered, hidden areas to avoid predation, but large or colonial birds—which are more capable of defence—may build more open nests. During nest construction, some species seek out plant matter from plants with parasite-reducing toxins to improve chick survival,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lafuma | first1 = L | last2 = Lambrechts | first2 = M | last3 = Raymond | first3 = M | year = 2001 | title = Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against [[Hematophagy|blood-sucking]] flying insects? | url = | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 56 | issue = 2| pages = 113–20 | doi = 10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00191-7 }}</ref> and feathers are often used for nest insulation.<ref name = "Hansell"/> Some bird species have no nests; the cliff-nesting [[Common Guillemot]] lays its eggs on bare rock, and male [[Emperor Penguin]]s keep eggs between their body and feet. The absence of nests is especially prevalent in ground-nesting species where the newly hatched young are [[precocial]].
চৰায়ে সাধাৰণতে নিজৰ বাহত কণী পাৰে৷ বেছিভাগ চৰায়ে নিজৰ প্ৰয়োজনৰ জোখাৰে বিভিন্ন আকৃতিৰ বাহ সাজি লয়৷ <ref name = "Hansell">Hansell M (2000). ''Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour''. University of Cambridge Press ISBN 0-521-46038-7</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lafuma | first1 = L | last2 = Lambrechts | first2 = M | last3 = Raymond | first3 = M | year = 2001 | title = Aromatic plants in bird nests as a protection against [[Hematophagy|blood-sucking]] flying insects? | url = | journal = Behavioural Processes | volume = 56 | issue = 2| pages = 113–20 | doi = 10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00191-7 }}</ref> চৰায়ে পাখিৰে বাহটো উমাল কৰি ৰাখে৷ <ref name = "Hansell"/> কিছুমান চৰাইৰ বাহ নাথাকে৷ উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে শিলাময় পাহাৰত বাস কৰা (cliff-nesting) [[:en: Common Guillemot|Common Guillemot]] নামৰ চৰাইটোৱে শিলতে কণী পাৰে ৷ তেনেদৰে এম্পাৰৰ পেংগুইনৰ মাইকীয়ে কণী পাৰে আৰু মতা চৰাইটোৱে নিজৰ ঠেঙৰ মাজতে কণীটো ভৰাই থয়৷ .
[[File:Eastern Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg|thumb|alt= Nest made of straw with five white eggs and one grey speckled egg|Nest of an [[Eastern Phoebe]] that has been parasitised by a [[Brown-headed Cowbird]]]]
Incubation, which optimises temperature for chick development, usually begins after the last egg has been laid.<ref name = "Gill"/> In monogamous species incubation duties are often shared, whereas in polygamous species one parent is wholly responsible for incubation. Warmth from parents passes to the eggs through [[brood patch]]es, areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of the incubating birds. Incubation can be an energetically demanding process; adult albatrosses, for instance, lose as much as {{convert|83|g}} of body weight per day of incubation.<ref>Warham, J. (1990) ''The Petrels: Their Ecology and Breeding Systems'' London: [[Academic Press]] ISBN 0-12-735420-4.</ref> The warmth for the incubation of the eggs of [[megapode]]s comes from the sun, decaying vegetation or volcanic sources.<ref>Jones DN, Dekker, René WRJ, Roselaar, Cees S (1995). ''The Megapodes''. Bird Families of the World 3. [[Oxford University Press]]: Oxford. ISBN 0-19-854651-3</ref> Incubation periods range from 10 days (in [[woodpecker]]s, [[cuckoo]]s and [[passerine]] birds) to over 80 days (in albatrosses and [[kiwi]]s).<ref name = "Gill"/>
চৰাইৰ উমনি দিয়া কাৰ্য্যই পোৱালিৰ গঠন বৃদ্ধিৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় উষ্ণতা প্ৰদান কৰে৷ <ref name = "Gill"/> একগামী চৰাইৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মতা-মাইকী দুয়ো মিলি উমনি দিয়ে৷ <ref name = "Gill"/>
====পোৱালিৰ যতন====
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