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===ধৰ্ম আৰু লোক-সংস্কৃতিত===
[[File:Vogel Drei (Meister der Spielkarten).jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt= Woodcut of three long-legged and long-necked birds|"The 3 of Birds" by the [[Master of the Playing Cards]], 15th century Germany]]
Birdsচৰায়ে play prominent and diverse roles inলোকগাঁথা (folklore), religionধৰ্ম, andআৰু [[লোক-সংস্কৃতি (popular culture]].)ত Inভিন্ন religion,ভিন্ন birdsৰূপত mayএক serveগুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ asভূমিকা eitherগ্ৰহণ messengersকৰি orআহিছে৷ priestsধৰ্মৰ andক্ষেত্ৰত leadersচৰায়ে forবাৰ্তাবাহক aৰূপে [[deity]],ভূমিকা suchলোৱাৰ asকথা inবিভিন্ন theআখ্যানৰ Cultপৰা ofজানিব [[Makemakeপৰা (mythology)|Makemake]], in which the [[Tangata manu]] of [[Easter Island]] served as chiefs;যায়৷<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Routledge | first1 = S | last2 = Routledge | first2 = K | year = 1917 | title = The Bird Cult of Easter Island | url = | journal = Folklore | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 337–55 }}</ref> or as the [[rooster]](cock) serves as a tangible vessel of Christ as in the gospel of –Matthew, Mark and Luke in the New Testament with Christ speaking through the cock;<ref>({{bibleverse||Matthew|26:34|KJV}})({{bibleverse||Mark|14:30|KJV}})({{bibleverse||Luke|22:34|KJV}})</ref> or as attendants, as in the case of [[Hugin and Munin]], two [[Common Raven]]s who whispered news into the ears of the [[Norse god]] [[Odin]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1= Lukas | first1= SE | last2= Benedikt | first2= R | last3= Mendelson | first3= JH | last4= Kouri | first4= E | last5= Sholar | first5= M | last6= Amass | first6= L | title= Marihuana attenuates the rise in plasma ethanol levels in human subjects | journal= Neuropsychopharmacology | volume= 7 | issue= 1 | pages= 77–81 | year= 1992 | pmid= 1326277 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040014}}</ref> Inপ্ৰাগ-ঐতিহাসিক severalযুগৰ civilizationsপৰাই ofচৰায়ে [[Historyকলা-কৃষ্টিত ofবিভিন্ন Italy|ancientভূমিকা Italy]],পালন particularlyকৰি [[Etruscanআহিছে৷ mythology|Etruscan]]পোন-প্ৰথম andচৰাইৰ [[Ancientএনে Rome|Roman]]ভুমিকাৰ [[Religionকথা inগুহা Ancientচিত্ৰ Rome|religion]],সমূহৰ priestsপৰা wereগম involvedপোৱা inযায়৷ [[augur]]y,<ref>{{cite orjournal interpreting| thelast1=Meighan words| offirst1=C. birdsW. while| thetitle=Prehistoric "auspex"Rock (fromPaintings whichin theBaja wordCalifornia "auspicious"| isjournal=American derived)Antiquity watched| theirvolume=31 activities| toissue=3 foretell| events.<ref>Ingersoll,pages=372–92 Ernest| (1923).year=1966 [http://www|doi= 10.archive.org/details2307/birdsinlegendfab00inge2694739 Archive.org],| "Birds in legend, fable and folklore". Longmans, Green and co. p. 214jstor=2694739}}</ref> Theyপিছলৈ mayচৰাইক alsoধৰ্মীয় serveবা asকলা [[Religiousসম্পৰ্কীয় symbolism|religiousকাম symbols]],কাজত asউচ্চাত্মক whenচিহ্ন [[Jonah]]হিচাপে (Hebrew:ব্যৱহাৰ '''יוֹנָה''',কৰা [[dove]])হৈছিল৷ embodiedউদাহৰণ theস্বৰূপে fright,মোগলৰ passivity,অধপতি mourning,সকলৰ andমুকুটত beautyময়ুৰ traditionallyচৰাইৰ associatedপাখি withসজাই doves.লোৱা হৈছিল৷<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = HauserClarke | first1 = A.CP | year = 1908 J.| title = Jonah:A InPedestal Pursuitof the Platform of the DovePeacock Throne | journal = JournalThe Metropolitan Museum of BiblicalArt Bulletin Literature| volume = 1043 | issue = 110| pages= 21–37| year= 1985182–83 | doi = 10.2307/32605913252550 | jstor=32605913252550}}</ref> Birdsচৰাইৰ haveওপৰত themselvesবৈজ্ঞানিক beenজ্ঞান deified,বৃদ্ধিৰ asস্পৃহা inবঢ়াৰ theলগে caseলগে ofচৰাইৰ theচিত্ৰ [[Commonঅঁকাও Peacock]],উল্লেখযোগ্য whichভাৱে isবৃদ্ধি perceivedপালে৷ asএনেকৈ Motherচৰাইৰ Earth byপ্ৰতিচ্ছি theঅঁকা বিশ্ব-বিশ্ৰুত চিত্ৰকাৰ কেইজনৰ ভিতৰত [[Dravidian:en:John James peopleAudubon|DravidianJohn James Audubon]]s ofঅন্যতম৷ তেওঁৰ উত্তৰ আমেৰিকাৰ চৰাইসমূহৰ চিত্ৰই সমগ্ৰ ইউৰোপত বিশেষ সমাদৰ লাভ কৰিছিল৷ India.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Thankappan NairBoime | first1=P.Albert | title=TheJohn PeacockJames CultAudubon: ina Asiabirdwatcher's fanciful flights | journal=AsianArt Folklore StudiesHistory | volume=33 | issue=222 | pages=93–170728–55 | year=19741999 |doi= 10.23071111/11775501467-8365.00184 | jstorissue=11775505}}</ref> Some birdsBirds haveare also beenimportant perceivedfigures asin monsters,poetry; includingfor the mythologicalexample, [[RocHomer]] (mythology)|Rocincorporated [[Nightingale]]s andinto thehis ''[[Māori people|MāoriOdyssey]]'s', legendaryand [[Poukai|''Pouākai''Catullus]], used a giant[[sparrow]] birdas capablean oferotic snatchingsymbol humansin his [[Catullus 2]].<ref>Tennyson{{Cite journal | last1 = Chandler | first1 = A, Martinson| Pyear (2006).= ''Extinct1934 Birds| oftitle New= Zealand''The TeNightingale Papain Press,Greek Wellingtonand ISBNLatin 978-0-909010-21-8Poetry | url = | journal = The Classical Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 78–84 | jstor = 3289944 }}</ref>
Perceptionsবিভিন্ন ofলোক variousসংস্কৃতিৰ birdমাজত speciesচৰাইৰ oftenভূমিকাও varyভিন্ন৷ acrossউদাহৰণ cultures.স্বৰূপে [[Owl]]sআফ্ৰিকাৰ areবিভিন্ন associatedঅঞ্চলত withফেঁচাক bad luckদুৰ্ভাগ্য, [[witchcraft]],ডাইনী andআৰু deathমৃত্যুৰ inস'তে partsজড়িত ofকৰা Africa,হয়<ref>Enriquez PL, Mikkola H (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". pp. 160–66 In: J.R. Duncan, D.H. Johnson, T.H. Nicholls, (Eds). ''Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190'', USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota. 635 pp.</ref> butকিন্তু areইউৰোপৰ regardedপ্ৰায়ভাগ asঅঞ্চলত wiseইয়াক acrossআকৌ muchজ্ঞানী ofবুলি Europe.গণ্য কৰা হয়৷<ref>Lewis DP (2005). [http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Mythology&title=Myth+and+Culture Owlpages.com], Owls in Mythology and Culture. Retrieved on 15 September 2007</ref> ৷ [[Hoopoe]]s were considered sacred inতেনেদৰে [[ Ancient Egyptকাকৈশিৰা]] ক andপ্ৰাচীন symbolsইজিপ্টত ofপবিত্ৰ virtueবুলি inগণ্য [[Persia]],কৰা butহৈছিল wereকিন্তু thoughtইউৰোপত ofইয়াক asচোৰৰ thievesশাৰীত acrossৰখা much of Europe and harbingers of war in [[Scandinavia]].হৈছিল৷<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dupree | first1 = N | year = 1974 | title = An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic | url = | journal = Folklore | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 173–93 | jstor = 1260073 }}</ref> ▼Birds have been featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early [[cave painting]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Meighan | first1=C. W. | title=Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Baja California | journal=American Antiquity | volume=31 | issue=3 | pages=372–92 | year=1966 |doi= 10.2307/2694739 | jstor=2694739}}</ref> Birds were later used in religious or symbolic art and design, such as the magnificent [[Peacock Throne]] of the [[Mughal era|Mughal]] and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] emperors.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = CP | year = 1908 | title = A Pedestal of the Platform of the Peacock Throne | journal = The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin | volume = 3 | issue = 10| pages = 182–83 | doi = 10.2307/3252550 | jstor=3252550}}</ref> With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was [[John James Audubon]], whose paintings of [[List of North American birds|North American birds]] were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the [[National Audubon Society]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Boime | first1=Albert | title=John James Audubon: a birdwatcher's fanciful flights | journal=Art History | volume=22 | pages=728–55 | year=1999 |doi= 10.1111/1467-8365.00184 | issue=5}}</ref> Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, [[Homer]] incorporated [[Nightingale]]s into his ''[[Odyssey]]'', and [[Catullus]] used a [[sparrow]] as an erotic symbol in his [[Catullus 2]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Chandler | first1 = A | year = 1934 | title = The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry | url = | journal = The Classical Journal | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 78–84 | jstor = 3289944 }}</ref> The relationship between an [[albatross]] and a sailor is the central theme of [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s [[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]], which led to the use of the [[Albatross (metaphor)|term as a metaphor for a 'burden']].<ref>{{cite journal | last1= Lasky | first1= E. D. | title= A Modern Day Albatross: The Valdez and Some of Life's Other Spills | journal= The English Journal | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 44–46 | year= 1992 |doi= 10.2307/820195 | jstor=820195}}</ref> Other [[English language|English]] metaphors derive from birds; [[vulture fund]]s and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Carson | first1 = A | year = 1998 | title = Vulture Investors, Predators of the 90s: An Ethical Examination | url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/W676R8803NL06L38.pdf | journal = Journal of Business Ethics | volume = 17 | issue = 5| pages = 543–55 }}</ref>
▲Perceptions of various bird species often vary across cultures. [[Owl]]s are associated with bad luck, [[witchcraft]], and death in parts of Africa,<ref>Enriquez PL, Mikkola H (1997). "Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa". pp. 160–66 In: J.R. Duncan, D.H. Johnson, T.H. Nicholls, (Eds). ''Biology and conservation of owls of the Northern Hemisphere. General Technical Report NC-190'', USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota. 635 pp.</ref> but are regarded as wise across much of Europe.<ref>Lewis DP (2005). [http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Mythology&title=Myth+and+Culture Owlpages.com], Owls in Mythology and Culture. Retrieved on 15 September 2007</ref> [[Hoopoe]]s were considered sacred in [[Ancient Egypt]] and symbols of virtue in [[Persia]], but were thought of as thieves across much of Europe and harbingers of war in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Dupree | first1 = N | year = 1974 | title = An Interpretation of the Role of the Hoopoe in Afghan Folklore and Magic | url = | journal = Folklore | volume = 85 | issue = 3| pages = 173–93 | jstor = 1260073 }}</ref>
== সংৰক্ষণ ==
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