চৰাই: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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====পোৱালিৰ যতন====
কণী ফুটি ওলোৱাৰ সময়ত চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি ভেদে পোৱালীবোৰ অসহায় বা আত্মনিৰ্ভৰশীল হ'ব পাৰে৷ একেবাৰে অসহায় আৰু মাক-দেউতাকৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰশীল পোৱালীক এল্ট্ৰিছিয়েল ([[:en:Altricial|altricial]])৷ এনে ধৰণৰ চৰাইৰ পোৱালীবোৰ আকাৰত সৰু, অন্ধ, পাখিবিহীন আৰু লৰচৰ কৰিব নোৱাৰা বিধৰ হয় ৷ অন্যহাতে যিবিলাক পোৱালী জন্মতে চলিব পৰা আৰু নোমেৰে আবৃত হৈ থাকে সিহঁতক প্ৰিক'ছিয়েল ([[:en: Precocial|precocial]]) হয়৷ এলট্ৰিছিয়েল পোৱালীক প্ৰিক'ছিয়েল পোৱালিতকৈ বেছি যত্নৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়৷
At the time of their hatching, chicks range in development from helpless to independent, depending on their species. Helpless chicks are termed ''[[altricial]]'', and tend to be born small, [[Blindness|blind]], immobile and naked; chicks that are mobile and feathered upon hatching are termed ''[[precocial]]''. Altricial chicks need help [[thermoregulation|thermoregulating]] and must be brooded for longer than precocial chicks. Chicks at neither of these extremes can be semi-precocial or semi-altricial.
[[File:Calliope-nest edit.jpg|thumb|alt= Hummingbird perched on edge of tiny nest places food into mouth of one of two chicks|left|A female [[Calliope Hummingbird]] feeding fully grown chicks]]
 
[[File:Calliope-nest edit.jpg|thumb|alt= Hummingbird perched on edge of tiny nest places food into mouth of one of two chicks|left|Aমাইকী femaleকেলিঅ'প হামিংবাৰ্ড ([[Calliope Hummingbird]]) চৰায়ে পূৰ্ণবয়ষ্ক feedingপোৱালীক fullyখুৱাই grownথকা chicksঅৱস্থাত]]
The length and nature of parental care varies widely amongst different orders and species. At one extreme, parental care in [[megapode]]s ends at hatching; the newly hatched chick digs itself out of the nest mound without parental assistance and can fend for itself immediately.<ref>Elliot A (1994). "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)" in ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl'' (eds del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J) Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6</ref> At the other extreme, many seabirds have extended periods of parental care, the longest being that of the [[Great Frigatebird]], whose chicks take up to six months to [[fledge]] and are fed by the parents for up to an additional 14 months.<ref>Metz VG, Schreiber EA (2002). "Great Frigatebird (''Fregata minor'')" In ''The Birds of North America, No 681'', (Poole, A. and Gill, F., eds) The Birds of North America Inc: Philadelphia</ref> The ''chick guard stage'' describes the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is permanently present at the nest after chicks have hatched. The main purpose of the guard stage is to aid offspring to thermoregulate and protect them from predation.<ref>Young, Euan. ''Skua and Penguin. Predator and Prey.''. Camebridge University Press, 1994, p. 453.</ref>
 
চৰাইৰ বিভিন্ন প্ৰজাতি সমূহৰ ভিতৰত মাক-দেউতাকৰ পোৱালীৰ প্ৰতি যত্ন (parental care) পৰিমাণৰ তাৰতম্য ঘটা দেখা যায়৷ চূড়ান্ত পৰ্য্যায়ত মেগাপড ([[:en:Megapode|megapode]])নামৰ চৰাইৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কণী ফুটি পোৱালী জগিলেই মাক-দেউতাকৰ দায়িত্ব শেষ হয়৷ তাৰপিছত পোৱালীয়ে নিজে মাটিৰে বনোৱা বাহৰ পৰা মাটি খান্দি ওলাই আহে আৰু নিজৰ আহাৰ নিজে যোগাৰ কৰি লয়৷ <ref>Elliot A (1994). "Family Megapodiidae (Megapodes)" in ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl'' (eds del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J) Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6</ref> আনহাতে বহুতো সাগৰীয় চৰাইৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ বিপৰীত প্ৰতিচ্ছবি এখন দেখা যায়৷ উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে ফ্ৰিগেটবাৰ্ড ([[:en:Great Frigatebird|Great Frigatebird]]) নামৰ চৰাইবিধৰ পোৱালীৰ পাখি সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ গঁজিবলৈ প্ৰায় ছমাহ সময় লয় আৰু তাৰ পাছতো প্ৰায় ১৪ মাহ পৰ্যন্ত মাক-দেউতাকে পোৱালীক খাদ্য যোগাৰ কৰি দিয়ে৷ <ref>Metz VG, Schreiber EA (2002). "Great Frigatebird (''Fregata minor'')" In ''The Birds of North America, No 681'', (Poole, A. and Gill, F., eds) The Birds of North America Inc: Philadelphia</ref>
In some species, both parents care for nestlings and fledglings; in others, such care is the responsibility of only one sex. In some species, [[helpers at the nest|other member]]s of the same species&mdash;usually close relatives of the [[breeding pair]], such as offspring from previous broods&mdash;will help with the raising of the young.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ekman | first1 = J | year = 2006 | title = Family living amongst birds | url = | journal = [[Journal of Avian Biology]] | volume = 37 | issue = 4| pages = 289–98 | doi = 10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03666.x }}</ref> Such alloparenting is particularly common among the [[Corvida]], which includes such birds as the true [[Corvidae|crows]], [[Australian Magpie]] and [[Fairy-wren]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cockburn A|editor=Floyd R, Sheppard A, de Barro P|title=Frontiers in Population Ecology|year=1996|publisher=CSIRO|location=Melbourne|isbn= |pages=21–42|chapter=Why do so many Australian birds cooperate? Social evolution in the Corvida}}</ref> but has been observed in species as different as the [[Rifleman (bird)|Rifleman]] and [[Red Kite]]. Among most groups of animals, male parental care is rare. In birds, however, it is quite common&mdash;more so than in any other vertebrate class.<ref name = "Gill"/> Though territory and nest site defence, incubation, and chick feeding are often shared tasks, there is sometimes a [[division of labour]] in which one mate undertakes all or most of a particular duty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cockburn|first=Andrew|year=2006|title=Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3458|journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences|volume=273|issue=1592|pages=1375–83|pmid=16777726|month= June|issn=0962-8452|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16777726|format=Free full text|pmc=1560291}}</ref>
 
কিছুমান চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত মাক-দেউতাক দুয়ো মিলি পোৱালীৰ যত্ন লয়৷ অন্য কিছুমান প্ৰজাতিত আকৌ কেৱল মাক বা দেউতাকে অকলে পোৱালী ডাঙৰ কৰে৷ কিছুমান বিশেষ প্ৰজাতিত আকৌ পোৱালীৰ ওচৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় (যেনে-পূৰ্বৰ গোটত জন্মা একে মাক-দেউতাকৰ ডাঙৰ হোৱা পোৱালী) চৰায়ে মাক-দেউতাকক সহায় কৰে৷ <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ekman | first1 = J | year = 2006 | title = Family living amongst birds | url = | journal = [[Journal of Avian Biology]] | volume = 37 | issue = 4| pages = 289–98 | doi = 10.1111/j.2006.0908-8857.03666.x }}</ref>কাউৰী ([[:en:Corvidae|crows]]), অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়ান মেগপাই ([[:en:Australian Magpie:Australian Magpie]]), পখৰা মাছোৰোকা ([[en:Lesser Pied-kingfisher: Lesser Pied-kingfisher]]) আদি চৰাইৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত এনেদৰে ওচৰ সম্পৰ্কীয় চৰয়ে সহায় কৰা দেখা যায়৷ <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cockburn A|editor=Floyd R, Sheppard A, de Barro P|title=Frontiers in Population Ecology|year=1996|publisher=CSIRO|location=Melbourne|isbn= |pages=21–42|chapter=Why do so many Australian birds cooperate? Social evolution in the Corvida}}</ref> প্ৰয়ভাগ জীৱ-জন্তুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতে দেউতাকে পোৱালীৰ যত্ন লোৱা খুউব কমেই দেখা যায়৷ কিন্তু চৰাইৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ই তুলনামূল ভাৱে সহজলভ্য৷ <ref name = "Gill"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cockburn|first=Andrew|year=2006|title=Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3458|journal=Proceedings: Biological Sciences|volume=273|issue=1592|pages=1375–83|pmid=16777726|month= June|issn=0962-8452|url=http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16777726|format=Free full text|pmc=1560291}}</ref>
The point at which chicks [[fledge]] varies dramatically. The chicks of the ''[[Synthliboramphus]]'' murrelets, like the [[Ancient Murrelet]], leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators.<ref>Gaston AJ (1994). Ancient Murrelet (''Synthliboramphus antiquus''). In ''The Birds of North America, No. 132'' (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: The American Ornithologists' Union.</ref> Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schaefer | first1 = HC | last2 = Eshiamwata | first2 = GW | last3 = Munyekenye | first3 = FB | last4 = Bohning-Gaese | first4 = K | year = 2004 | title = Life-history of two African ''Sylvia'' warblers: low annual fecundity and long post-fledging care | url = | journal = [[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] | volume = 146 | issue = 3| pages = 427–37 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00276.x }}</ref> Chicks may also follow their parents during their first [[bird migration|migration]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alonso | first1 = JC | last2 = Bautista | first2 = LM | last3 = Alonso | first3 = JA | year = 2004 | title = Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering common cranes ''Grus grus'' | url = | journal = [[Journal of Avian Biology]] | volume = 35 | issue = 5| pages = 434–44 | doi = 10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x }}</ref>
 
====উমনি পৰজীৱী (Brood parasites)====
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