নীল আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

Robot: Removing diq:Neil Armstrong (deleted)
অনুবাদ নোহোৱা পাঠ আঁতৰ
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'''নীল এল্‌ডে'ন আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰং''' ({{lang-en|Neil Alden Armstrong}}), (জন্ম: ৫ আগষ্ট ১৯৩০ - মৃত্যু: ২৫ আগষ্ট ২০১২) আমেৰিকাৰ এগৰাকী মহাকাশচাৰী ([[:en:NASA Astronaut Corps|নাচা এষ্ট্রনাট কৰ্প্‌চ]]) , টেষ্ট পাইলট, এৰ'স্পেচ ইঞ্জিনীয়াৰ, বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ৰ অধ্যাপক আৰু আমেৰিকাৰ নৌসেনাৰ উড্ডয়ক (aviator) আছিল। তেওঁ [[এপ'ল' ১১|চন্দ্ৰত খোজ কঢ়া প্ৰথম মানৱ]] আছিল। মহাকাশচাৰী হোৱাৰ আগেয়ে তেওঁ [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ]]ৰ নৌ বাহিনীত অফিচাৰ আছিল। এই পদতে তেওঁ [[কোৰিয়াৰ যুদ্ধ]]তো অংশগ্ৰহণ কৰিছিল। যুদ্ধৰ পাচত তেওঁ টেষ্ট পাইলট হিচাবে আমেৰিকাৰ নেশ্যনেল এডভাইজৰী কমিটি ফৰ এৰ'নটিক্‌চ-অৰ হাই স্পীড ফ্লাইট ষ্টেশ্যন (বৰ্তমান ড্ৰাইডেন ফ্লাইট ৰিচাৰ্চ চেন্টাৰ)-অত কাম কৰে আৰু ৯০০ তকৈও অধিক উৰণৰ অভিজ্ঞতা অৰ্জন কৰে। তেওঁ [[পাৰডিউ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] ([[:en:Purdue University|ইং ৱিকি: Purdue University]])ৰপৰা স্নাতক আৰু [[চাউথ কেলিফৰ্ণিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] ([[:en:University of Southern California|ইং ৱিকি: University of Southern California]])ৰপৰা স্নাতকোত্তৰ ডিগ্ৰী অৰ্জন কৰিছিল।
 
১৯৬২ চনত [[আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰ বায়ুসেনা]]ৰ ([[:en:United States Air Force|ইং ৱিকি: U.S. Air Force]]) 'অচিৰেই মহাকাশত মানৱ' ([[:en:Man In Space Soonest|ইং ৱিকি: Man In Space Soonest]]) আৰু ([[:en:Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|ইং ৱিকি: X-20 Dyna-Soar]]) -অৰ 'মানৱ মহাকাশ উৰণ' ([[:en:human spaceflight|ইং ৱিকি: human spaceflight]]) প্ৰকল্পৰ অধীনত আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰঙে 'নাচা মহাকাশচাৰী গোট'ত ([[:en:NASA Astronaut Corps|ইং ৱিকি: NASA Astronaut Corps]]) যোগদান কৰে।
 
তেওঁৰ প্ৰথম মহাকাশ যাত্ৰা আছিল ১৯৬৬ চনত, NASA-ৰ [[জেমিনী]]-৮ -অৰ কমাণ্ড পাইলট হিচাবে। তেওঁ এই যাত্ৰাৰ দ্বাৰাই আমেৰিকাৰ প্ৰথম নাগৰিক মহাকাশচাৰী হিচাবে পৰিগণিত হয়। এই অভিযানতে তেওঁ পাইলট [[ডেভিড স্কট]]ৰ সৈতে প্ৰথম মানৱবাহী মহাকাশযানৰ ডকিং আৰু বাৰ্থিং ([[:en:Spacecraft docking and berthing mechanisms |ইং ৱিকি: docking]]) সম্পন্ন কৰে।
 
মিশ্যন কমাণ্ডাৰ হিচাবে আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰঙৰ দ্বিতীয় আৰু অন্তিম মহাকাশযাত্ৰা আছিল ১৯৬৯ চনৰ [[এপ'ল' ১১]]-অৰ চন্দ্ৰাৱতৰণ যাত্ৰা। এই যাত্ৰাত তেওঁ আৰু [[বাজ এলড্ৰিন]] চন্দ্ৰত অৱতৰণ কৰি 2½ ঘন্টাৰ অনুসন্ধান কৰে। এই সময়ছোৱাত সহযাত্ৰী [[মাইকেল কলিন্স]]-এ মহাকাশযানৰ কক্ষতে থাকি কমাণ্ড মডিউল পৰিচালনা কৰিছিল। কলিন্স আৰু এলড্ৰিনৰ লগতে আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰঙক [[আমেৰিকাৰ ৰাষ্ট্ৰপতি]] [[ৰিচাৰ্ড নিক্সন]]-এ আমেৰিকা যুক্টৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ([[:en:Presidential Medal of Freedom|Presidential Medal of Freedom]]), ১৯৭৮ চনত [[জিমি কাৰ্টাৰ]]-এ [[:en:Congressional Space Medal of Honor|ইং ৱিকি: Congressional Space Medal of Honor]] আৰু ২০০৯ চনত [[:en:Congressional Gold Medal|ইং ৱিকি: Congressional Gold Medal]] প্ৰদান কৰে।
 
২৫ আগষ্ট, ২০১২ তাৰিখে [[কৰ'নাৰী ধমনী]] বন্ধ হৈ হোৱা জটিলতাৰ ফলত ৮২ বছৰ বয়ষত [[চিনচিনাটি, অ'হায়']]ত আৰ্মষ্ট্ৰঙৰ মৃত্যু হয়।<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/25/us/neil-armstrong-obit/index.html|title=Space legend Neil Armstrong dies|publisher=CNN|accessdate=August 26, 2012}}</ref>
 
== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
== Early years ==
Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930,<ref name=NASA-bio/> in [[Wapakoneta, Ohio]], to Stephen Koenig Armstrong and Viola Louise Engel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wapakoneta.net/history|title=History of Wapakoneta (or is it Wapaghkonnetta?) | accessdate=August 25, 2012|work=City of Wapakoneta, Ohio}}</ref><ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 49–50.</ref> He was of [[Scottish American|Scottish]] and [[German American|German]] descent, and had two younger siblings, June and Dean. Stephen Armstrong worked as an [[audit]]or<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/05/24/f-neil-armstrong-interview-accountants.html "Neil Armstrong grants rare interview to accountants organization"], CBC News, May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.</ref> for the Ohio state government, and the family moved around the state repeatedly in the 15 years following Armstrong's birth, living in 20 different towns. His love for flying grew during this time, having gotten off to an early start when his father took 2-year-old Neil to the Cleveland Air Races. On July&nbsp;20, 1936, when he was 6, he experienced his first airplane flight in [[Warren, Ohio]], when he and his father took a ride in a [[Ford Trimotor]], also known as the "Tin Goose".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm#Armstrong|title=Project Apollo: Astronaut Biographies|publisher=NASA|accessdate=May 12, 2011}}</ref>
 
His father's last move was to Wapakoneta ([[Auglaize County, Ohio|Auglaize County]]) in 1944, where Neil attended [[Blume High School]]. Armstrong began taking flying lessons at the county airport, and was just 15 when he earned his flight certificate, before he had a driver's license.
Armstrong was active in the [[Scouting in Ohio|Boy Scouts]] and he eventually earned the rank of [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]]. As an adult, he was recognized by the [[Boy Scouts of America]] with its [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] and [[Silver Buffalo Award]].<ref name="desalista">{{cite web |url= http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf |title= Distinguished Eagle Scouts |publisher= Boy Scouts of America |accessdate= November 4, 2010}}</ref> On July&nbsp;18, 1969, while flying towards the [[Moon]] inside the Columbia, he greeted the Scouts: "I'd like to say hello to all my fellow Scouts and Scouters at [[Farragut State Park]] in Idaho having a [[National Scout jamboree (Boy Scouts of America)|National Jamboree]] there this week; and Apollo&nbsp;11 would like to send them best wishes". Houston: "Thank you, Apollo&nbsp;11. I'm sure that, if they didn't hear that, they'll get the word through the news. Certainly appreciate that."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://history.nasa.gov/ap11fj/09day3-entering-eagle.htm|title=Apollo 11 - Day 3, part 2: Entering Eagle - Transcript|publisher=NASA|accessdate=February 10, 2011|date=April 11, 2010}}</ref>
 
In 1947, Armstrong began studying aerospace engineering at [[Purdue University]], where he was a member of [[Phi Delta Theta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phideltatheta.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=118|title=The Beginning
|publisher=Phi Delta Theta international site|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> and [[Kappa Kappa Psi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kkpsi.org/prominentmembers.asp|title=Prominent Members of Kappa Kappa Psi|publisher=Kkpsi.org|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> He was only the second person in his family to attend college, and was also accepted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), but the only engineer he knew (who had attended MIT) dissuaded him from attending, telling Armstrong that it was not necessary to go all the way to [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], for a good education.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 55–56.</ref> His college tuition was paid for under the [[James L. Holloway, Jr.#Holloway Plan|Holloway Plan]] – successful applicants committed to two years of study, followed by three years of service in the United States Navy, then completion of the final two years of the degree. At Purdue, he earned average marks in his subjects, with a [[Grade (education)|GPA]] that rose and fell during eight semesters. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in [[Aerospace engineering|aeronautical engineering]] from Purdue University in 1955, and, from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1970, a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering.<ref name=NASA-bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/armstrong-na.html|publisher=NASA|title=Biographical Data: Neil A. Armstrong |date=December 1993|accessdate=July 14, 2009}}</ref> Armstrong held honorary doctorates from a number of universities.<ref name=glenn-bio>{{cite web|title=Biography: Neil A. Armstrong |publisher=NASA ([[Glenn Research Center|John H. Glenn Research Center]])|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/bios/neilabio.html |accessdate=May 16, 2011|date=March 2008}}</ref>
 
'''Bold text'''==Navy service==
Armstrong's call-up from the Navy arrived on January&nbsp;26, 1949, requiring him to report to [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] for flight training. This lasted almost 18 months, during which he qualified for [[Aircraft carrier|carrier]] landing aboard the {{USS|Cabot|CVL-28|6}} and {{USS|Wright|CVL-49|6}}. On August 16, 1950, two weeks after his 20th birthday, Armstrong was informed by letter he was a fully qualified [[United States Naval Aviator|Naval Aviator]].<ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 68–78.</ref><!--all good-->
 
His first assignment was to Fleet Aircraft Service Squadron&nbsp;7 at [[Naval Air Station North Island|NAS San Diego]] (now known as NAS North Island). Two months later he was assigned to [[VF-51|Fighter Squadron 51]] (VF-51), an all-jet squadron, and made his first flight in a jet, an [[Grumman F9F Panther|F9F-2B Panther]], on January&nbsp;5, 1951. In June, he made his first jet carrier landing on the [[USS Essex (CV-9)|USS ''Essex'']] and was promoted the same week from [[Midshipman]] to [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]]. By the end of the month, the ''Essex'' had set sail with VF-51 aboard, bound for Korea, where they would act as [[ground-attack aircraft]].<ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 79–85.</ref><!--all good-->
 
Armstrong first saw action in the [[Korean War]] on August&nbsp;29, 1951, as an escort for a photo [[reconnaissance]] plane over [[Kimchaek|Songjin]].<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 90.</ref> On September&nbsp;3, 1951, Armstrong flew armed reconnaissance over the primary transportation and storage facilities south of the village of Majon-ni, west of [[Wonsan]]; while he was making a low bombing run at about 350&nbsp;mph (560&nbsp;km/h), Armstrong's F9F Panther was hit by [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft fire]]. While trying to regain control, Armstrong collided with a pole at a height of about {{Convert|20|ft|m}}, which sliced off an estimated three feet of the Panther's right wing.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 92–93.</ref>
 
Armstrong was able to fly the plane back to friendly territory, but due to the loss of the [[aileron]], [[Ejection seat|ejection]] was his only safe option. He planned to eject over water and await rescue by Navy helicopters, and therefore flew to an airfield near [[Pohang]], but his ejection seat was blown back over land.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 95.</ref> A jeep driven by a room-mate from flight school picked Armstrong up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of No. 125122 F9F-2.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 96.</ref>
 
Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, most of which were in January 1952. He received the [[Air Medal]] for 20 combat missions, a [[5/16 inch star|Gold Star]] for the next 20, and the [[Korean Service Medal]] and Engagement Star.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 112.</ref> Armstrong left the Navy at the age of 22 on August&nbsp;23, 1952, and became a [[Lieutenant (junior grade)|Lieutenant, Junior Grade]], in the [[United States Navy Reserve|United States Naval Reserve]]. He resigned his commission in the Naval Reserve on October&nbsp;21, 1960.<ref name="Hansen, p. 118">Hansen 2005, p. 118.</ref><!--all good-->
 
As a research pilot, Armstrong served as project pilot on the [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100 Super Sabre]] A and C variants, [[McDonnell F-101 Voodoo|F-101 Voodoo]], and the [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter|F-104A Starfighter]]. He also flew the [[Bell X-1]]B, [[Bell X-5]], [[North American X-15]], [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105 Thunderchief]], [[Convair F-106 Delta Dart|F-106 Delta Dart]], [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet|B-47 Stratojet]], [[Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker|KC-135 Stratotanker]], and was one of eight elite pilots involved in the [[NASA Paresev|paraglider research vehicle program (Paresev)]].
 
== College years ==
After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue, where his best grades came in the four semesters following his return from Korea. His final GPA was 4.8 out of 6.0.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;62.</ref> He pledged the [[Phi Delta Theta]] fraternity after his return and he wrote and co-directed its musical as part of the all-student revue; he was also a member of [[Kappa Kappa Psi]] National Honorary Band Fraternity and a [[baritone horn|baritone]] player in the [[Purdue All-American Marching Band]]. Armstrong graduated in 1955 with a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering.<ref name="Hansen, p. 118"/>
 
While at Purdue, he met Janet Elizabeth Shearon, who was majoring in [[Family and consumer science|home economics]]. According to the two, there was no real courtship, and neither could remember the exact circumstances of their engagement, except that it occurred while Armstrong was working at the NACA's [[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory]]. They were married on January&nbsp;28,&nbsp;1956, at the Congregational Church in [[Wilmette, Illinois]]. When he moved to [[Edwards Air Force Base]], he lived in the bachelor quarters of the base, while Janet lived in the [[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]] district of Los Angeles. After one semester, they moved into a house in [[Antelope Valley]]. Janet never finished her degree, a fact she regretted later in life.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;124–127.</ref>
 
The couple had three children together: Eric, Karen and Mark.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;128.</ref> In June&nbsp;1961, daughter Karen was diagnosed with a [[malignant]] [[tumor]] of the middle part of her [[Brainstem|brain stem]]; X-ray treatment slowed its growth, but her health deteriorated to the point where she could no longer walk or talk. Karen died of [[pneumonia]], related to her weakened health, on January&nbsp;28,&nbsp;1962.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;161–164.</ref><!--all good-->
 
Armstrong later completed his master of science degree in aeronautical engineering at the University of Southern California.<ref name=NASA-bio/>
 
== Test pilot ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Neil Armstrong 1956 portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A black-and-white photo of Armstrong|A portrait of Armstrong taken November&nbsp;20, 1956, while he was a test pilot at the NACA High-Speed Flight Station at [[Edwards Air Force Base]], California.]]
Following his graduation from Purdue, Armstrong decided to become an experimental research test pilot. He applied at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base; although they had no open positions, they did forward his application to the [[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory]] in [[Cleveland]], Ohio, where Armstrong began working at Lewis Field in March&nbsp;1955.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;119–120.</ref><!--All good--> Armstrong's stint at Cleveland lasted a couple of months, and by July&nbsp;1955, he returned to Edwards AFB for his new job.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 122.</ref>
 
On his first day at Edwards, Armstrong was tasked his first assignments, which were to pilot [[chase plane]]s during releases of experimental aircraft from modified bombers. He also flew the modified bombers, and on one of these missions had his first flight incident at Edwards. On March&nbsp;22,&nbsp;1956, Armstrong was in a [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]],<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;134.</ref><!--All good--> which was to air-drop a [[Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket]]. He sat in the right-hand pilot seat while the left-hand seat commander, Stan Butchart, flew the B-29.<ref name="Early NASA Years">{{cite web|title=From the Mojave to the Moon: Neil Armstrong's Early NASA Years|publisher=NASA|author=Creech, Gray|date=July 15, 2004|url=http://www.nasa.gov/missions/research/neil_armstrong.html|accessdate=May 17, 2011}}</ref>
 
As they ascended to {{convert|30000|ft|km}}, the number-four engine stopped and the [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]] began [[wikt:windmill|windmilling]] (rotating freely) in the airstream. Hitting the switch that would stop the propeller's spinning, Butchart found the propeller slowed but then started spinning again, this time even faster than the other engines; if it spun too fast, it would break apart. Their aircraft needed to hold an airspeed of 210&nbsp;mph (338&nbsp;km/h) to launch its Skyrocket payload, and the B-29 could not land with the Skyrocket still attached to its belly. Armstrong and Butchart brought the aircraft into a nose-down alignment to increase speed, then launched the Skyrocket. At the instant of launch, the number-four engine propeller disintegrated. Pieces of it damaged the number-three engine and hit the number-two engine. Butchart and Armstrong were forced to shut down the number-three engine, due to damage, and the number-one engine, due to the [[torque]] it created. They made a slow, circling descent from {{convert|30000|ft|m|-3|abbr=on}} using only the number-two engine, and landed safely.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;134–136.</ref><!--All good-->
 
Armstrong's first flight in a rocket plane was on August&nbsp;15,&nbsp;1957, in the [[Bell X-1]]B, to an altitude of {{convert|11.4|mi|km|1}}. The [[Undercarriage|nose landing gear]] broke on landing, which had happened on about a dozen previous flights of the Bell X-1B due to the aircraft's design.<ref name="Hansen, p. 145">Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;145.</ref><!--All good--> He later flew the [[North American X-15]]; Armstrong would fly the aircraft seven times before September 1962, and during his penultimate X-15 flight, he reached an altitude of {{Convert|207,500|ft|km}}.<ref name="Hansen, p. 145"/>
 
Armstrong was involved in several incidents that went down in Edwards folklore and/or were chronicled in the memoirs of colleagues. The first was an X-15 flight on April&nbsp;20,&nbsp;1962, when Armstrong tested a self-adjusting control system. He flew to a height of {{convert|207,000|ft|km|0}}, (the highest he flew before Gemini 8), but he held the aircraft nose up too long during descent, and the X-15 bounced off the atmosphere back up to 140,000&nbsp;ft (43&nbsp;km). At that altitude, the atmosphere is so thin that aerodynamic surfaces have almost no effect. He flew past the landing field at Mach&nbsp;3 (2,000&nbsp;mph, or 3,200&nbsp;km/h), over {{convert|100000|ft|km}} altitude, and ended up 40&nbsp;miles (64&nbsp;km) south of Edwards (legend has it that he flew as far as the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]). After sufficient descent, he turned back toward the landing area, and barely managed to land without striking [[Yucca brevifolia|Joshua trees]] at the south end. It was the longest X-15 flight in both time and distance of the ground track.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;178–184.</ref><!--All good-->
 
Four days later, Armstrong was involved in a second incident, when he flew for the only time with [[Chuck Yeager]]. Their job, flying a [[Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star]], was to evaluate Smith Ranch Dry Lake for use as an emergency landing site for the X-15. In his autobiography, Yeager wrote that he knew the lake bed was unsuitable for landings after recent rains, but Armstrong insisted on flying out anyway. As they attempted a [[Touch-and-go landing|touch-and-go]], the wheels became stuck and they had to wait for rescue. Armstrong tells a different version of events, where Yeager never tried to talk him out of it and they made a first successful landing on the east side of the lake. Then Yeager told him to try again, this time a bit slower. On the second landing, they became stuck and according to Armstrong, Yeager was in fits of laughter.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;184–189.</ref><!--All good-->
 
[[চিত্ৰ:Pilot Neil Armstrong and X-15 -1 - GPN-2000-000121.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A black-and-white photo of Armstrong smiling outside of an X-15|Armstrong, 29, and [[North American X-15|X-15]] #1 after a research flight in 1960.]]
Many of the test pilots at Edwards praised Armstrong's engineering ability. [[Milton Orville Thompson|Milt Thompson]] said he was "the most technically capable of the early X-15 pilots." [[Bill Dana (pilot)|Bill Dana]] said Armstrong "had a mind that absorbed things like a sponge." Those who flew for the Air Force tended to have a different opinion, especially people like Chuck Yeager and [[William J. Knight|Pete Knight]] who did not have engineering degrees. Knight said that pilot-engineers flew in a way that was "more mechanical than it is flying," and gave this as the reason why some pilot-engineers got into trouble: their flying skills did not come naturally.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;138–139.</ref><!--All good-->
 
On May&nbsp;21,&nbsp;1962, Armstrong was involved in what Edwards' folklore called the "Nellis Affair". He was sent in an [[Lockheed F-104 Starfighter]] to inspect [[Delamar Dry Lake]], again for emergency landings. He misjudged his altitude, and also did not realize that the landing gear had not fully extended. As he touched down, the landing gear began to retract. Armstrong applied full power to abort the landing, but the ventral fin and landing gear door struck the ground, damaging the radio and releasing [[hydraulic fluid]]. Without radio communication, Armstrong flew to [[Nellis Air Force Base]], past the control tower, and waggled his wings, the signal for a no-radio approach. The loss of hydraulic fluid caused the tail-hook to release, and upon landing, he caught the arresting wire attached to an anchor chain, and dragged the chain along the runway.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;189–192.</ref>
 
It took thirty minutes to clear the runway and rig an arresting cable. Armstrong telephoned Edwards and asked for someone to collect him. Milt Thompson was sent in an F-104B, the only two-seater available, but a plane Thompson had never flown. With great difficulty, Thompson made it to Nellis, but a strong crosswind caused a hard landing and the left main tire suffered a blowout. The runway was again closed to clear it, and [[Bill Dana (pilot)|Bill Dana]] was sent to Nellis in a T-33 Shooting Star, but he almost landed long — and the Nellis base operations office decided that to avoid any further problems, it would be best to find the three NASA pilots ground transport back to Edwards.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;189–192.</ref><!--All good-->
 
Armstrong made seven flights in the X-15. He reached a top altitude of {{convert|207,500|ft|km|1}} in the X-15-3,<ref name="Hansen, p. 178">Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;178.</ref> and a top speed of Mach&nbsp;5.74 (4,000&nbsp;mph or 6,615&nbsp;km/h) in the X-15-1; he left the Dryden Flight Research Center with a total of 2,400 flying hours.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;210.</ref> Over his career, he flew more than 200 different models of aircraft.<ref name=NASA-bio/>
 
== Astronaut career ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Neil Armstrong in Gemini G-2C training suit.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo|Armstrong in an early Gemini spacesuit]]
There was no defining moment in Armstrong's decision to become an astronaut. In 1958, he was selected for the U.S. Air Force's [[Man In Space Soonest]] program. In November&nbsp;1960, Armstrong was chosen as part of the pilot consultant group for the [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar]], a military space plane; and on March&nbsp;15,&nbsp;1962, he was named as one of six pilot-engineers who would fly the space plane when it got off the design board.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;173.</ref><!--All good-->
 
In the months after the announcement that applications were being sought for the second group of NASA astronauts, Armstrong became more and more excited about the prospects both of the [[Apollo program]] and of investigating a new aeronautical environment. Armstrong's astronaut application had arrived about a week past the June&nbsp;1,&nbsp;1962, deadline, but Dick Day, with whom Armstrong had worked closely at Edwards, worked at the Manned Spacecraft Center, saw the late arrival of the application, and slipped it into the pile before anyone noticed.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;195.</ref><!--All good--> At [[Brooks City-Base]] at the end of June, Armstrong underwent a medical exam that many of the applicants described as painful and at times seemingly pointless.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;195–204.</ref><!--All good-->
 
[[Deke Slayton]] called Armstrong on September&nbsp;13,&nbsp;1962, and asked whether he would be interested in joining the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of what the press dubbed "the [[NASA Astronaut Group 2|New Nine]]"; without hesitation, Armstrong said yes. The selections were kept secret until three days later, although newspaper reports had been circulating since earlier that year that he would be selected as the "first civilian astronaut".<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;201–202.</ref> Armstrong was one of two civilian pilots selected for the second group, the other being [[Elliot See]] who, like Armstrong, had been a Naval Aviator.<ref name=USastronaut>{{cite web|title=Elliot M. See, Jr.|work=NASA|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/see-em.html|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref> Armstrong did not become the first civilian to fly in space, as the Russians had launched [[Vostok 6]] on June&nbsp;16,&nbsp;1963, with [[Valentina Tereshkova]], a textile worker and amateur parachutist, aboard.<ref>{{cite web|title=Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Born March 6, 1937) |publisher=|url=http://www.adm.yar.ru/english/section.aspx?section_id=74|date=Adm.yar.ru|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}</ref>
 
=== Gemini program ===
==== ''Gemini 8'' ====
{{Main|Gemini 8}}
[[চিত্ৰ:GEMINI-TITAN-8 - PRELAUNCH ACTIVITY .jpg|thumb|left|Armstrong goes through suiting up operations.]]
The crew assignments for ''Gemini&nbsp;8'' were announced on September&nbsp;20,&nbsp;1965, with Armstrong as Command Pilot and David Scott as Pilot. Scott was the first member of the third group of astronauts to receive a prime crew assignment. The mission launched on March&nbsp;16,&nbsp;1966; it was to be the most complex yet, with a rendezvous and docking with the unmanned [[Agena target vehicle]], the second American [[extra-vehicular activity]] by Scott. In total, the mission was planned to last 75 hours and 55 orbits. After the Agena lifted off at 10&nbsp;a.m. [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]], the [[Titan II GLV|Titan II]] carrying Armstrong and Scott ignited at 11:41:02&nbsp;am EST, putting them into an orbit from where they would chase the Agena.<ref>Hansen 2005, ch. 19.</ref>
 
The rendezvous and first-ever docking between two spacecraft was successfully completed after 6.5 hours in orbit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gemini 1965–1966|publisher=Spacecollection.info|url=http://www.spacecollection.info/us_gemini/gemini.html|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> Contact with the crew was intermittent due to the lack of tracking stations covering their entire orbits. Out of contact with the ground, the docked spacecraft began to roll, and Armstrong attempted to correct this with the [[Orbital Maneuvering System|Orbital Attitude and Maneuvering System]] (OAMS) of the Gemini spacecraft. Following the earlier advice of Mission Control, they undocked, but found that the roll increased dramatically to the point where they were turning about once per second, which meant the problem was in their Gemini's attitude control. Armstrong decided the only course of action was to engage the Reentry Control System (RCS) and turn off the OAMS. Mission rules dictated that once this system was turned on, the spacecraft would have to reenter at the next possible opportunity. It was later thought that damaged wiring made one of the thrusters become stuck in the on position.<ref>{{cite web|title=The abbreviated flight of Gemini 8|last=Merritt|first=Larry|publisher=Boeing.com|url=http://bts.boeing.com/news/frontiers/archive/2006/march/i_history.html|date=March 2006|accessdate=May 14, 2011}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:Armstrong and Scott with Hatches Open - GPN-2000-001413.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Photo of Armstrong and Scott in the Gemini capsule, in the water. They are being assisted by some recovery crew| Recovery of the ''[[Gemini 8]]'' spacecraft from the western Pacific Ocean]]
 
Throughout the astronaut office there were a few people, most notably [[Walter Cunningham]], who publicly stated that Armstrong and Scott had ignored the malfunction procedures for such an incident, and that Armstrong could have salvaged the mission if he had turned on only one of the two RCS rings, saving the other for mission objectives. These criticisms were unfounded; no malfunction procedures were written and it was possible to turn on only both RCS rings, not just one or the other. [[Gene Kranz]] wrote, "the crew reacted as they were trained, and they reacted wrong because we trained them wrong." The mission planners and controllers had failed to realize that when two spacecraft are docked together, they must be considered to be one spacecraft.<ref>Kranz, p.&nbsp;174.</ref>
 
Armstrong himself was depressed<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;274.</ref><!--All good--> that the mission had been cut short, canceling most mission objectives and robbing Scott of his [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]].
 
==== ''Gemini 11'' ====
{{Main|Gemini 11}}
The last crew assignment for Armstrong during the Gemini program was as backup Command Pilot for ''[[Gemini 11]]'', announced two days after the landing of ''Gemini 8''. Having already trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and was more in a teaching role<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;292–293.</ref> for the rookie backup Pilot, [[William Anders]]. The launch was on September&nbsp;12,&nbsp;1966,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/gemini/gemini-xi/gemini-xi.html|title=Gemini-XI|work=NASA - Kennedy Space Center|accessdate=July 24, 2010}}</ref> with [[Pete Conrad]] and [[Richard F. Gordon, Jr.|Dick Gordon]] on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong served as [[CAPCOM]].
 
Following the flight, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day goodwill tour of South America.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;296–297.</ref> Also on the tour, which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities, were Dick Gordon, [[George Low]], their wives, and other government officials. In Paraguay, Armstrong impressed dignitaries by greeting them in their local language, [[Guarani language|Guarani]];<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 298.</ref> in Brazil he talked about the exploits of the Brazilian-born [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], who was regarded as having beaten the [[Wright brothers]] with the [[Early flying machines|first flying machine]] with his [[Santos-Dumont 14-bis|14-bis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Santos Dumont In France 1906–1916|publisher=Earlyaviators.com|url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>
 
=== Apollo program ===
On January&nbsp;27,&nbsp;1967, the date of the ''[[Apollo 1]]'' fire, Armstrong was in Washington, D.C., with [[Gordon Cooper]], [[Richard F. Gordon, Jr.|Dick Gordon]], [[Jim Lovell]] and [[Scott Carpenter]] for the signing of the United Nations [[Outer Space Treaty]]. The astronauts chatted with the assembled dignitaries until 6:45&nbsp;p.m. when Carpenter went to the airport, and the others returned to the Georgetown Inn, where they each found messages to phone the [[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center|Manned Spacecraft Center]]. During these telephone calls, they learned of the deaths of [[Gus Grissom]], [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]] and [[Roger B. Chaffee|Roger Chaffee]]. Armstrong and the group spent the rest of the night drinking scotch and discussing what had happened.<ref>{{cite book |title=Apollo 13 |last=Lovell |first=Jim |authorlink=Jim Lovell |coauthors=Kluger, Jeffrey |year=2000 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn= 0-618-05665-3|pages=24–25 }}</ref>
 
On April&nbsp;5,&nbsp;1967, the same day the ''Apollo&nbsp;1'' investigation released its report on the fire, Armstrong assembled with 17 other astronauts for a meeting with Deke Slayton. The first thing Slayton said was, "The guys who are going to fly the first lunar missions are the guys in this room."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Last Man on the Moon|first1=Eugene|last1=Cernan|authorlink1=Eugene Cernan|first2=Don|last2=Davis|year=1999|publisher=St Martin's Griffin|location=New York|isbn=0-312-26351-1|page=165}}</ref> According to [[Eugene Cernan]], Armstrong showed no reaction to the statement. To Armstrong it came as no surprise – the room was full of veterans of Project Gemini, the only people who could fly the lunar missions. Slayton talked about the planned missions and named Armstrong to the backup crew for ''[[Apollo 9]]'', which at that stage was planned to be a [[medium Earth orbit]] test of the [[Apollo Lunar Module|Lunar Module]]-[[Apollo Command/Service Module|Command/Service Module]] combination. After design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module (LM), ''Apollo&nbsp;9'' and ''Apollo&nbsp;8'' swapped crews. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong would command ''Apollo&nbsp;11''.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp. 312–313.</ref>
 
To attempt to give the astronauts experience with how the LM would fly on its final landing descent, NASA commissioned [[Bell Aircraft]] to build two [[Lunar Landing Research Vehicle]]s, later augmented with three Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV). Nicknamed the "[[Flying Bedstead]]s", they simulated the Moon's one-sixth of Earth's gravity by using a [[turbofan]] engine to support the remaining five-sixths of the craft's weight. On May&nbsp;6,&nbsp;1968, about 100&nbsp;feet (30&nbsp;m) above the ground, Armstrong's controls started to degrade and the LLTV began banking.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;330.</ref> He ejected safely (later analysis suggested that if he had ejected 0.5 seconds later, his parachute would not have opened in time). His only injury was from biting his tongue. Even though he was nearly killed, Armstrong maintained that without the LLRV and LLTV, the lunar landings would not have been successful, as they gave commanders valuable experience in the behavior of lunar landing craft.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;334.</ref><!--All good-->
 
==== Apollo 11 ====
{{Main|Apollo 11}}
[[চিত্ৰ:Ap11-s69-31740.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Photo|The ''[[Apollo 11]]'' crew portrait. Left to right are Armstrong, [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], and [[Buzz Aldrin]].]]
 
After Armstrong served as backup commander for ''[[Apollo 8]]'', Slayton offered him the post of commander of ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' on December&nbsp;23,&nbsp;1968, as ''Apollo 8'' orbited the Moon.<ref>{{harvnb|Nelson|2009|p=17}}</ref> In a meeting that was not made public until the publication of Armstrong's biography in 2005, Slayton told him that although the planned crew was Armstrong as commander, lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin and command module pilot Michael Collins, he was offering the chance to replace Aldrin with Jim Lovell. After thinking it over for a day, Armstrong told Slayton he would stick with Aldrin, as he had no difficulty working with him and thought Lovell deserved his own command. Replacing Aldrin with Lovell would have made Lovell the Lunar Module Pilot, unofficially the lowest ranked member, and Armstrong could not justify placing Lovell, the commander of ''[[Gemini 12]]'', in the number&nbsp;3 position of the crew.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;338</ref><!--All good-->
 
A March 1969 meeting between Slayton, George Low, [[Robert R. Gilruth|Bob Gilruth]], and [[Christopher C. Kraft, Jr.|Chris Kraft]] determined that Armstrong would be the first person on the Moon, in some part because NASA management saw Armstrong as a person who did not have a large ego.<ref name="Hansen, ch. 25.">Hansen 2005, ch. 25.</ref> A press conference held on April&nbsp;14,&nbsp;1969 gave the design of the LM cabin as the reason for Armstrong's being first; the hatch opened inwards and to the right, making it difficult for the lunar module pilot, on the right-hand side, to egress first. Slayton added, "Secondly, just on a pure protocol basis, I figured the commander ought to be the first guy out. . . . I changed it as soon as I found they had the time line that showed that. Bob Gilruth approved my decision."<ref>Expeditions to the Moon, chapter 8, p.&nbsp;160.</ref> At the time of their meeting, the four men did not know about the hatch issue. The first knowledge of the meeting outside the small group came when Kraft wrote his 2001 autobiography.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 373.</ref>
 
On July&nbsp;16,&nbsp;1969, Armstrong received a crescent moon carved out of [[Polystyrene|Styrofoam]] from the pad leader, [[Guenter Wendt]], who described it as a key to the Moon. In return, Armstrong gave Wendt a ticket for a "space taxi" "good between two planets".<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;407</ref>
 
===== Voyage to the Moon =====
[[চিত্ৰ:Neil Armstrong.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=Photo of Armstrong smiling in his spacesuit| Aldrin took this picture of Armstrong in the cabin after the completion of the EVA.]]
During the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' launch, Armstrong's heart reached a top rate of 110 beats per minute.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;410</ref> He found the first stage to be the loudest – much noisier than the ''Gemini&nbsp;8'' Titan&nbsp;II launch – and the Apollo CSM was relatively roomy compared to the Gemini capsule. This ability to move around was suspected to be the reason why none of the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' crew suffered from [[Space adaptation syndrome|space sickness]], while members of previous crews did. Armstrong was especially happy, as he had been prone to [[motion sickness]] as a child and could experience [[nausea]] after doing long periods of [[aerobatics]].<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;411–412.</ref>
 
The objective of ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' was to land safely rather than to touch down with precision on a particular spot. Three minutes into the lunar descent burn, Armstrong noted that craters were passing about two seconds too early, which meant the ''Eagle'' would probably touch down beyond the planned landing zone by several miles.<ref>{{cite book |last = Smith |first = Andrew |title = Moon Dust |publisher = [[Bloomsbury]] |year = 2006 |edition = Paperback |isbn = 0-7475-6369-1 |page = 11}}</ref> As the ''Eagle'''s landing [[radar]] acquired the surface, several computer error alarms appeared. The first was a code [[Jack Garman#1202|1202]] alarm, and even with their extensive training, neither Armstrong nor Aldrin was aware of what this code meant. They promptly received word from CAPCOM in Houston that the alarms were not a concern; the 1202 and 1201 alarms were caused by an [[Computer multitasking|executive overflow]] in the [[Apollo Guidance Computer|lunar module computer]]. As described by Buzz Aldrin in the documentary ''[[In the Shadow of the Moon]]'', the overflow condition was caused by his own counter-checklist choice of leaving the docking radar on during the landing process, so the computer had to process unnecessary radar data and did not have enough time to execute all tasks, dropping lower-priority ones. Aldrin stated that he did so with the objective of facilitating re-docking with the CM should an abort become necessary, not realizing that it would cause the overflow condition.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
 
When Armstrong noticed they were heading towards a landing area which he believed was unsafe, he took over manual control of the LM, and attempted to find an area which seemed safer, taking longer than expected, and longer than most simulations had taken.<ref>Chaikin 1995, p.&nbsp;199.</ref> For this reason, there was concern from mission control that the LM was running low on fuel.<ref>Chaikin 1995, p.&nbsp;198.</ref> Upon landing, Aldrin and Armstrong believed they had about 40&nbsp;seconds worth of fuel left, including the 20&nbsp;seconds worth of fuel which had to be saved in the event of an abort.<ref name="Chaikin 1995, p. 200">Chaikin 1995, p.&nbsp;200</ref> During training, Armstrong had landed the LLTV with less than 15&nbsp;seconds left on several occasions, and he was also confident the LM could survive a straight-down fall from {{convert|50|ft|m}} if needed. Analysis after the mission showed that at touchdown there were 45 to 50 seconds of propellant burn time left.<ref>See Section "9.8.3 Gaging System Performance" of the following report: {{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf|publisher=NASA|title=Apollo 11 Mission Report|date=November 1969}}</ref>
 
The landing on the surface of the moon occurred at 20:17:39 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on July&nbsp;20,&nbsp;1969.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.step.html |last=Jones | first=Eric M.| title=The First Lunar Landing, time 109:24:48}} The accuracy to the second of Apollo&nbsp;11 events differs in different NASA logs.</ref> When a sensor attached to the legs of the still hovering Lunar Module made lunar contact, a panel light inside the LM lit up and Aldrin called out, "Contact light." As the LM settled on the surface Aldrin then said, "Okay. Engine stop," and Armstrong said, "Shutdown." The first words Armstrong intentionally spoke to Mission Control and the world from the lunar surface were, "Houston, [[Tranquility Base]] here. The ''Eagle'' has landed." Aldrin and Armstrong celebrated with a brisk handshake and pat on the back before quickly returning to the checklist of tasks needed to ready the lunar module for liftoff from the Moon should an emergency unfold during the first moments on the lunar surface.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html |last=Jones | title=The First Lunar Landing, time 1:02:45| accessdate=November 30, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/mission_trans/apollo11.htm| title=Mission Transcripts, Apollo 11 AS11 PA0.pdf| accessdate=November 30, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11transcript_pao.htm| title=Apollo 11 Mission Commentary 7-20-69 CDT 15:15 - GET 102:43 - TAPE 307/1}}</ref> During the critical landing, the only message from Houston was ''"30 seconds"'', meaning the amount of fuel left. When Armstrong had confirmed touch-down, Houston expressed its worries during the manual landing as ''"You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again".''<ref name="Chaikin 1995, p. 200"/>
 
===== First Moon walk =====
{{See also|Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|l1=Apollo 11 – Lunar surface operations}}
{{Listen|filename=Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg|title="That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind"|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
 
Although the official NASA flight plan called for a crew rest period before extra-vehicular activity, Armstrong requested that the EVA be moved to earlier in the evening, [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Houston time]]. Once Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, ''Eagle'' was depressurized, the hatch was opened and Armstrong made his way down the ladder first.
 
At the bottom of the ladder, Armstrong said "I'm going to step off the LEM now" (referring to the [[Apollo Lunar Module]]). He then turned and set his left boot on the surface at 2:56 UTC July 21, 1969,<ref>Harland, David (1999). ''Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions''. ISBN 1-85233-099-6</ref> then spoke the famous words "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."<ref name="Snopes">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/quotes/onesmall.asp|title=One Small Misstep: Neil Armstrong's First Words on the Moon|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|coauthors=David Mikkelson|date=October 2006 |work=Snopes.com |publisher=[[Snopes.Com|Urban Legends Reference Pages]] |page=1|accessdate=September 19, 2009}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:A11v 1092338.ogg|thumb|left|Armstrong describes the lunar surface.]]
 
Armstrong had decided on this statement following a train of thought that he had had after launch and during the hours after landing.<ref>{{cite web| last =Hansen| first =James R.| title =Armstrong's Abbreviated Article: Notes from the Expert| work =Language Log| date =October 3, 2006| url =http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003635.html| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> The broadcast did not have the "a" before "man", rendering the phrase a [[contradiction]] (as ''man'' in such use is synonymous with ''mankind''). NASA and Armstrong insisted for years that static had obscured the "a", with Armstrong stating he would never make such a mistake, but after repeated listenings to recordings, Armstrong admitted he must have dropped the "a".<ref name="Snopes" /> Armstrong later said he "would hope that history would grant me leeway for dropping the syllable and understand that it was certainly intended, even if it was not said – although it might actually have been".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nickell |first=Duane S. |title= Guidebook for the scientific traveler: visiting astronomy and space |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2008 |page=175 |isbn=978-0-8135-4374-1}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:As11-40-5886.jpg|thumb|right|Armstrong on the Moon]]
It has since been claimed that acoustic analysis of the recording reveals the presence of the missing "a";<ref name="Snopes" /><ref>{{cite news | last =Goddard| first =Jacqui| title =One small word is one giant sigh of relief for Armstrong| work =[[The Times]] |location =London| date =October 2, 2006 |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article657515.ece| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> Peter Shann Ford, an Australia-based computer programmer, conducted a digital audio analysis and claims that Armstrong did, in fact, say "a man", but the "a" was inaudible due to the limitations of communications technology of the time.<ref name="Snopes" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-100306a.html|last=Ford | first=Peter Shann| title=Electronic Evidence and Physiological Reasoning Identifying the Elusive Vowel "a" in Neil Armstrong's Statement on First Stepping onto the Lunar Surface| work= CollectSpace.com| format=reprint| date=September 17, 2006|accessdate=August 28, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =Software finds missing 'a' in Armstrong's moon quote| work =[[CNN]].com| agency =Associated Press| date =October 1, 2006| url =http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20061004151135/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/09/30/moon.quote.ap/index.html| archivedate =October 4, 2006| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> Ford and James R. Hansen, Armstrong's authorized biographer, presented these findings to Armstrong and NASA representatives, who conducted their own analysis.<ref>{{cite news| last =Smith| first =Veronica| title =Armstrong's Moon landing speech rewritten| work =[[Cosmos Magazine]]| agency =Agence France-Presse |date=October 2, 2006| url =http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717| accessdate =August 29, 2007}}</ref> The article by Ford, however, is published on Ford's own web site rather than in a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]], and linguists David Beaver and [[Mark Liberman]] wrote of their skepticism of Ford's claims on the blog [[Language Log]].<ref>
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|authorlink=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003630.html|title=One small step backwards}} (including audio)
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003632.html|title=One 75-millisecond step before a "man"}}
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003634.html |title=Armstrong's abbreviated article: the smoking gun?}}
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/%7Emyl/languagelog/archives/003635.html|title=Armstrong's abbreviated article: notes from the expert}}
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003639.html |title=First Korean on the moon!}}
* {{cite web|author=Language Log|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003645.html |title=What Neil Armstrong said}}
</ref> Although Armstrong found Ford's analysis "persuasive",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/4225505.html|title=High-tech analysis may rewrite space history| last=Carreau | first=Mark| work=[[Houston Chronicle]]| date=September 29, 2006|accessdate=September 30, 2006}}</ref> he expressed his preference that written quotations include the "a" in parentheses.{{Fact|date=August 2012}}
 
When Armstrong made his proclamation, [[Voice of America]] was rebroadcast live via the [[BBC]] and many other stations worldwide. The estimated global audience at that moment was 450&nbsp;million listeners,<ref>Heil, Alan L. (2003). ''Voice of America: A History''. ISBN 0-231-12674-3</ref> out of a then estimated world population of 3.631&nbsp;billion people.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.infoplease.com/year/1969.html |title=Information Please world statistics |accessdate=October 2, 2007}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:Apollo 11 first step.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=A low-quality photo of a television monitor showing Armstrong on the lunar module's ladder|Armstrong prepares to take the first step on the Moon.]]
 
About 20&nbsp;minutes after the first step, Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface and became the second human to set foot on the Moon, and the duo began their tasks of investigating how easily a person could operate on the lunar surface. Early on, they unveiled a plaque commemorating their flight, and also planted the [[Lunar Flag Assembly|flag of the United States]]. The flag used on this mission had a metal rod to hold it horizontal from its pole. Since the rod did not fully extend, and the flag was tightly folded and packed during the journey, the flag ended up with a slightly wavy appearance, as if there were a breeze.<ref>{{cite web| last =Greene| first =Nick| title =A Lunar Odyssey| work =Apollo 11 Mission| publisher =[[About.com]]| page =3| url =http://space.about.com/cs/missions/a/apollo11_3.htm| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> Shortly after their flag planting, President [[Richard Nixon]] spoke to them by a telephone call from his office. The President spoke for about a minute, after which Armstrong responded for about thirty seconds.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;505–506.</ref>
 
In the entire ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' photographic record, there are only five images of Armstrong partly shown or reflected. The mission was planned to the minute, with the majority of photographic tasks to be performed by Armstrong with a single [[Hasselblad]] camera.<ref name="AS11-40-5886">"[http://next.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.5886.html AS11-40-5886]" ''Apollo Lunar Surface Journal''. March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2011.</ref>
 
After helping to set up the [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package]], Armstrong went for a walk to what is now known as East Crater, {{convert|65|yd|m}} east of the LM, the greatest distance traveled from the LM on the mission. Armstrong's final task was to leave a small package of memorial items to deceased Soviet [[List of cosmonauts|cosmonauts]] [[Yuri Gagarin]] and [[Vladimir Komarov]], and [[Apollo 1|Apollo&nbsp;1]] astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]] and [[Roger B. Chaffee]]. The time spent on EVA during ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' was about two and a half hours, the shortest of any of the six Apollo lunar landing missions;<ref name=ApolloSum/> each of the subsequent five landings were allotted gradually longer periods for EVA activities – the crew of ''[[Apollo 17|Apollo&nbsp;17]]'', by comparison, spent over 22&nbsp;hours exploring the lunar surface.<ref name=ApolloSum>{{cite web|title=Summary Data on Apollo Missions |publisher=NASA |url= http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/app5.html |accessdate=May 20, 2011}}</ref>
 
===== Return to Earth =====
[[চিত্ৰ:Apollo 11 crew in quarantine.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Photo of the three crew members smiling at the [[President of the United States|President]] through the glass window of their quarantine chamber. President Nixon is standing at a microphone, also smiling.|The ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' crew and President [[Richard Nixon]].]]
 
After they re-entered the LM, the hatch was closed and sealed. While preparing for the liftoff from the lunar surface, Armstrong and Aldrin discovered that, in their bulky spacesuits, they had broken the ignition switch for the ascent engine; using part of a pen, they pushed the circuit breaker in to activate the launch sequence.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;489–490</ref> Aldrin still possesses the pen which they used to do this. The lunar module then continued to its rendezvous and docked with ''Columbia'', the command and service module. The three astronauts returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific ocean, to be picked up by the {{USS|Hornet|CV-12}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059A |title=Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM) |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 26, 2012}}</ref>
 
After being released from an 18-day quarantine to ensure that they had not picked up any infections or diseases from the Moon, the crew were feted across the United States and around the world as part of a 45-day "Giant Leap" tour. Armstrong then took part in [[Bob Hope]]'s 1969 [[United Service Organizations|USO]] show, primarily to Vietnam.<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 580.</ref>
 
In May&nbsp;1970, Armstrong traveled to the Soviet Union to present a talk at the 13th annual conference of the International Committee on Space Research; after arriving in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] from Poland, he traveled to Moscow where he met [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]] [[Alexei Kosygin]]. He was the first westerner to see the supersonic [[Tupolev Tu-144]] and was given a tour of the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]], which Armstrong described as "a bit Victorian in nature".<ref>Hansen 2005, p. 583.</ref> At the end of the day, he was surprised to view delayed video of the launch of [[Soyuz 9]] – it had not occurred to Armstrong that the mission was taking place, even though [[Valentina Tereshkova]] had been his host and her husband, [[Andriyan Nikolayev]], was on board.<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;582–584.</ref>
 
== Life after Apollo ==
=== Teaching ===
[[চিত্ৰ:Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering.png|thumb|250px|alt=Photo of a statue of Neil Armstrong sitting on a ledge. The words "Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering" are visible on the building in the background.|Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering at Purdue University]]
 
Armstrong announced shortly after the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' flight that he did not plan to fly in space again.<ref>{{cite web|last=Riley|first=Christopher|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/09/apollo-astronauts-walking-moon|title=The moon walkers: Twelve men who have visited another world|publisher=Guardian.co.uk|date=July 10, 2009|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref> He was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for aeronautics for the Office of Advanced Research and Technology, Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA|ARPA]]), but served in this position for only a year, and resigned from it and NASA as a whole in 1971.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;584.</ref>
 
He accepted a teaching position in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Neil Armstrong|work=Life.com|url=http://www.life.com/topic/neil_armstrong|accessdate=May 13, 2011}}{{dead link|date=August 2012}}</ref> having decided on Cincinnati over other universities, including his alma mater, Purdue, because it had a small aerospace department; he hoped that the faculty members would not be annoyed that he came straight into a professorship with only the USC master's degree.<ref name="a11 crew">{{cite web| title =Apollo 11 Crew Information| work =Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal| publisher =NASA| date =November 1, 2005| url =http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.crew.html| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> He began the work while stationed at Edwards years before, and finally completed it after ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' by presenting a report on various aspects of Apollo, instead of a thesis on the simulation of hypersonic flight. The official job title he received at Cincinnati was University Professor of Aerospace Engineering. After teaching for eight years, he resigned in 1979 without explaining his reason for leaving.<ref>Hansen, pp.&nbsp;590–594.</ref>
 
=== NASA accident investigations ===
Armstrong served on two spaceflight accident investigations. The first was in 1970, after ''[[Apollo 13]]'', where as part of Edgar Cortwright's panel, he produced a detailed chronology of the flight. Armstrong personally opposed the report's recommendation to re-design the service module's oxygen tanks, the source of the explosion.<ref>Hansen, pp.&nbsp;60–603.</ref> In 1986, President Ronald Reagan appointed him to the [[Rogers Commission Report|Rogers Commission]] which investigated the Space-shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster of that year. As vice-chairman, Armstrong was in charge of the operational side of the commission.<ref>Hansen, pp.&nbsp;610–616.</ref>
 
=== Business activities ===
After Armstrong retired from NASA in 1971, he avoided offers from businesses to act as a spokesman. The first company to successfully approach him was Chrysler, for whom he appeared in advertising starting in January&nbsp;1979. Armstrong thought they had a strong engineering division, plus they were in financial difficulty. He acted as a spokesman for other companies, including General Time Corporation and the Bankers Association of America. He acted as a spokesman for US businesses only.<ref>Hansen, p.&nbsp;595.</ref>
 
Along with spokesman duties, he also served on the board of directors of several companies, including Marathon Oil, Learjet, Cinergy (Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company), Taft Broadcasting, United Airlines, Eaton Corporation, AIL Systems, and Thiokol.<ref>Hansen, pp.&nbsp;596–598.</ref> He joined Thiokol's board after he served on the Rogers Commission; the [[Space Shuttle]] ''Challenger'' was destroyed due to a problem with the Thiokol-manufactured solid rocket boosters. He retired as chairman of the board of EDO Corporation in 2002.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=EDO Corporation|date=February 8, 2000 | title=EDO Corporation CEO James M. Smith to become Chairman upon retirement of Neil A. Armstrong | url=http://www.edocorp.com/pr2002/02r0208.htm | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061017094755/http://www.edocorp.com/pr2002/02r0208.htm | archivedate=October 17, 2006 | accessdate=July 1, 2006}}</ref>
 
== Personal life ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Legends of Aerospace (with Neil Armstrong, Eugene Cernan, and Jim Lovell).JPG||thumb|250px|alt=Photo of a group of about 25 people|Neil Armstrong (second from right, middle row) visits with USAF members in Southwest Asia, 2010. To his left are [[Eugene Cernan|Gene Cernan]] and [[Jim Lovell]].]]
 
Armstrong was approached by political groups from both ends of the spectrum after his aeronautical career. Unlike former astronauts and United States Senators [[John Glenn]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]], Armstrong declined all offers. Personally, he was in favor of [[states' rights]] and against the United States acting as the "world's policeman".<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;600–601.</ref><!--All good-->
 
In the late 1950s, Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop. When asked for his religious affiliation, he labeled himself as a [[Deism|Deist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743281713|author=James R. Hansen|accessdate=August 25, 2012|page=33|quote=It is clear that by the time Armstrong returned from Korea in 1952 he had become a type of deist, a person whose belief in God was founded on reason rather than on revelation, and on an understanding of God's natural laws rather than on the authority of any particular creed or church doctrine. While working as a test pilot in Southern California in the late 1950s, Armstrong applied at a local Methodist church to lead a Boy Scout troop. Where the form asked for his religious affiliation, Neil wrote the word “Deist.”}}</ref>
 
In 1972, Armstrong was welcomed into the town of [[Langholm]], Scotland, the traditional seat of [[Clan Armstrong]]; he was made the first freeman of the [[burgh]], and happily declared the town his home.<ref>{{cite news |last= Johnston |first= Willie |title= Recalling Moon man's 'muckle' leap |work=BBC News |date= July 20, 2009 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8158762.stm |accessdate =July 20, 2009}}</ref> The ''Justice of the Peace'' read from an unrepealed 400-year-old law that required him to hang any Armstrong found in the town.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;13.</ref><!--All good-->
 
In the fall of 1979, Armstrong was working at his farm near [[Lebanon, Ohio]]. As he jumped off of the back of his grain truck, his wedding ring caught in the wheel, tearing off the tip of his ring finger. He collected the severed digit and packed it in ice, and surgeons reattached it at the Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky.<ref>{{cite web| last =Sawyer| first =Kathy| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/space/armstrong1.htm|title=Armstrong's Code|work=[[The Washington Post]] Magazine|date=July 11, 1999|accessdate=August 29, 2007}}</ref> In February&nbsp;1991, he suffered a mild heart attack while skiing with friends at Aspen, Colorado,<ref>Hansen 2005, pp.&nbsp;639–640.</ref><!--All good--> a year after his father had died, and nine months after the death of his mother.
 
Armstrong's first wife, Janet, divorced him in 1994, after 38 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news |author= Schorn, Daniel |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/11/03/60minutes/main1008288_page3.shtml |title= Being The First Man On The Moon |work=60 Minutes |publisher=CBS News |date=July 2, 2006 |accessdate=January 9, 2011}}</ref> He had met his second wife, Carol Held Knight, in 1992 at a golf tournament, where they were seated together at the breakfast table. She said little to Armstrong, but two weeks later she received a call from him asking what she was doing—she replied she was cutting down a cherry tree; 35 minutes later Armstrong was at her house to help out. They were married on June&nbsp;12,&nbsp;1994, in Ohio, and then had a second ceremony, at San Ysidro Ranch, in California. He lived in [[Indian Hill, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/07/18/loc_neil_armstrong_the.html |date=July 18, 1999 |author= Johnston, John |author2= Amrhein, Saundra |author3=Thompson, Richelle |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |title=Neil Armstrong, Reluctant Hero}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:Quincy Jones, John Glenn, and Neil Armstrong during NASA's 50th anniversary gala.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Photo|[[Quincy Jones]] presents platinum copies of "[[Fly Me to the Moon]]" to Neil Armstrong (''right'') and former Senator [[John Glenn]], September 24, 2008.]]After 1994, Armstrong refused all requests for autographs because he found that his signed items were selling for large amounts of money and that many forgeries are in circulation; any requests sent to him received a [[form letter]] in reply, saying that he had stopped signing. Although his no-autograph policy was well known, author [[Andrew Smith (author)|Andrew Smith]] observed people at the 2002 Reno Air Races still trying to get signatures, with one person even claiming, "If you shove something close enough in front of his face, he'll sign."<ref>Smith 2005, p.&nbsp;134.</ref> He also stopped sending out congratulatory letters to new Eagle Scouts, because he believed these letters should come from people who know the Scouts personally.<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;623.</ref><!--All good-->
 
Use of Armstrong's name, image, and famous quote caused him problems over the years. MTV wanted to use his quote for its now-famous ident depicting the Apollo&nbsp;11 landing when it launched in 1981, but he declined.<ref name=VanityFair>{{cite news |date=November 2000 |url= http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2000/11/mtv200011?printable=true&currentPage=allPittman |title= Birth of an MTV Nation |work=Vanity Fair |location =New York |author= Anson, Robert Sam}}</ref> Armstrong sued [[Hallmark Cards]] in 1994 after they used his name and a recording of "one small step" quote in a Christmas ornament without permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court<ref>Hansen 2005, p.&nbsp;628.</ref><!--All good--> for an undisclosed amount of money which Armstrong donated to Purdue.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Neil Armstrong, Hallmark Settle |work=Chicago Tribune |date=December 2, 1995 |url= http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-12-02/business/9512020040_1_neil-armstrong-hallmark-cards-ornament |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref>
 
In May 2005, Armstrong became involved in an unusual legal battle with his barber of 20 years, Marx Sizemore. After cutting Armstrong's hair, Sizemore sold some of it to a collector for $3,000 without Armstrong's knowledge or permission.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Armstrong, barber in fight over locks |work=Dayton Daily News |location =Ohio |date=June 1, 2005 |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11945915.html |accessdate=May 17, 2011}}</ref> Armstrong threatened legal action unless the barber returned the hair or donated the proceeds to a charity of Armstrong's choosing. Sizemore, unable to get the hair back, decided to donate the proceeds to the charity of Armstrong's choice.<ref>{{cite web |last =Rosenberg |first =Jennifer |title =Barber Sold Neil Armstrong's Hair |work =About.com |date=June 5, 2005 |url= http://history1900s.about.com/b/2005/06/05/barber-sold-neil-armstrongs-hair.htm |accessdate =August 29, 2007}}</ref>
 
== Illness and death ==
Armstrong underwent surgery on August 7, 2012, to relieve blocked [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|coronary arteries]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Armstrong, first man on the moon, recovering from heart surgery|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/us-usa-people-armstrong-idUSBRE8771KU20120808|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref> He died on August 25, in Cincinnati, Ohio,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> following complications resulting from these cardiovascular procedures.
 
His family released a statement saying "[he was a] reluctant American hero [and had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves."<ref name="NASA FAMILY">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/aug/HQ_12_600_armstrong_family.html |title=Family Statement Regarding the Death of Neil Armstrong |date=August 25, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=August 26, 2012}}</ref>
 
Armstrong's colleague on the Apollo 11 mission, [[Buzz Aldrin]], commented that he was "very saddened to learn of the passing. I know I am joined by millions of others in mourning the passing of a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew."<ref name="ALDRIN Twitter 25 AUGUST 2012">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TheRealBuzz/status/239488144288927744|title=Buzz Aldrin on Twitter about passing of Neil Armstrong|publisher=twitter.com|date=August 25, 2012|accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ALDRIN Official Statement 25 AUGUST 2012">{{cite web|title=Buzz Aldrin’s Official Statement on the Passing of Neil Armstrong|url=http://buzzaldrin.com/buzz-aldrins-official-statement-on-the-passing-of-neil-armstrong/|date=August 25, 2012|accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref> Apollo 11 [[Apollo Command/Service Module|command module]] pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] said simply, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."<ref name="NASA Obituary">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/people/features/armstrong_obit.html|title=Neil Armstrong: 1930-2012|publisher=NASA|date=August 25, 2012|accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref> NASA Administrator [[Charles F. Bolden, Jr.|Charles Bolden]] said that Armstrong will be "remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own".<ref name="BOLDIN 25 AUGUST 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/aug/HQ_12-601_Bolden_Statement.html|title=NASA Administrator Statement on Neil Armstrong's Death|publisher=NASA|date=August 25, 2012|accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/08/201282519933640323.html |title=US space pioneer Neil Armstrong dies at 82 - Americas |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref>
 
Armstrong's family statement paid the tribute "For those who may ask what they can do to honor Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink."<ref name="NASA FAMILY" /> This prompted many responses, including the Twitter [[hashtag]] "#WinkAtTheMoon".<ref name="NASA FAMILY TRIBUTE Twitter HashTag">{{cite web|title=Twitter #WinkAtTheMoon|url=https://twitter.com/#!/search/?q=%23WinkAtTheMoon|date=August 25, 2012|accessdate=August 25, 2012}}</ref>
 
== Legacy ==
[[চিত্ৰ:RIAN archive 837790 Valentina Tereshkova and Neil Armstrong.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Armstrong and [[Valentina Tereshkova]], the first woman in space, Soviet Union, 1970]]
Armstrong received many honors and awards, including the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]], the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, the Sylvanus Thayer Award, the [[Collier Trophy]] from the National Aeronautics Association, and the [[Congressional Gold Medal]]. The lunar crater [[Armstrong (crater)|Armstrong]], 31&nbsp;mi (50&nbsp;km) from the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' landing site, and [[asteroid]] [[6469 Armstrong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/ShowCitation.COM?num=006469 |title=Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000): 6469 Armstrong |publisher=IAU: Minor Planet Center |accessdate=July 26, 2008}}{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref> are named in his honor. Armstrong was also inducted into the [[Aerospace Walk of Honor]] and the [[United States Astronaut Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorees |publisher=City of Lancaster |url= http://www.cityoflancasterca.org/index.aspx?page=193|accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Neil A. Armstrong |publisher=Austronaut Scholarship Foundation |url= http://www.astronautscholarship.org/armstrong.html |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref> Armstrong and his Apollo 11 crewmates were the 1999 recipients of the [[Langley Gold Medal]] from the Smithsonian Institution.
 
Throughout the United States, there are more than a dozen elementary, middle and high schools named in his honor,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&InstName=neil+armstrong&SchoolID=&Address=&City=&State=&Zip=&Miles=&County=&PhoneAreaCode=&Phone=&DistrictName=&DistrictID=&SchoolType=1&SchoolType=2&SchoolType=3&SchoolType=4&SpecificSchlTypes=all&IncGrade=-1&LoGrade=-1&HiGrade=-1 |title=Search for Public School|accessdate=July 10, 2007 }}</ref> and many places around the world have streets, buildings, schools, and other places named for Armstrong and/or Apollo.<ref>{{cite news |title =Ireland: What's in a name? Cold, hard cash |work =The Times |location =London |date =December 22, 2002 |url= http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article804378.ece |accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> In 1969, folk songwriter and singer [[John Stewart (musician)|John Stewart]] recorded "Armstrong", a tribute to Armstrong and his first steps on the moon. Purdue University announced in October 2004 that its new engineering building would be named ''[[Purdue University College of Engineering|Neil Armstrong Hall of Engineering]]'' in his honor;<ref name="holsapple">{{cite news |last =Holsapple| first =Matt |title =Purdue launching Neil Armstrong Hall for engineering's future |work =Purdue University News |date =October 16, 2004 |url= http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html3month/2004/041016.Jischke.Armstrong.html| accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref> the building cost $53.2&nbsp;million and was dedicated on October&nbsp;27, 2007, during a ceremony at which Armstrong was joined by fourteen other Purdue Astronauts.<ref name="venere">{{cite news |last =Venere |first =Emil |title =Neil Armstrong Hall is new home to Purdue engineering |work =Purdue University News |date =October 27, 2007 |url= http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007b/071027CelArmstrongDedication.html| accessdate =January 5, 2008}}</ref> In 1971, Armstrong was awarded the [[Sylvanus Thayer Award]] by the United States Military Academy at West Point for his service to the country.<ref>{{cite web |title= Sylvanus Thayer Award |publisher=Sylvanus-thayer-award.co.tv |url= http://sylvanus-thayer-award.co.tv/ |accessdate=May 19, 2011}}</ref> The [[Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum]] is located in his hometown of [[Wapakoneta, Ohio]], although it has no official ties to Armstrong and the airport in [[New Knoxville, Ohio|New Knoxville]] where he took his first flying lessons is named for him.<ref>{{cite web | last = Knight | first = Andy | title = To the moon: Armstrong space museum offers history lessons on space travel | publisher = Cincinnati.Com | date = Winter 2000 |url= http://www.cincinnati.com/visitorsguide/stories/012800_moon.html | accessdate =August 28, 2007}}</ref>
 
[[চিত্ৰ:Apollo 11 - Crew at the White House.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Photo of four men wearing suits, with the curtain drawn behind them, admitting light.|Michael Collins, [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]], Armstrong, and Aldrin during celebrations of the 35th anniversary of the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' flight, July&nbsp;21, 2004]]
Armstrong's authorized biography,'' [[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong]]'', was published in 2005. For many years, Armstrong turned down biography offers from authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener, but agreed to work with [[James R. Hansen]] after reading one of Hansen's other biographies.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-013003b.html#100305 |title=Discovering the Man Behind 'First Man'|author=McGauley, John |date= October 14, 2005 |publisher=collectSPACE.com}}</ref>
 
In a 2010 ''Space Foundation'' survey, Armstrong was ranked as the #1 most popular space hero.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.spacefoundation.org/news/story.php?id=1038 |title= Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes |date=October 27, 2010 |accessdate=May 13, 2011 |publisher= Space Foundation}}</ref>
 
The press often asked Armstrong for his views on the future of spaceflight. In 2005, Armstrong said that a [[manned mission to Mars]] will be easier than the [[Apollo program|lunar challenge]] of the 1960s: "I suspect that even though the various questions are difficult and many, they are not as difficult and many as those we faced when we started the Apollo [space program] in 1961." In 2010, he made a rare public criticism of the decision to cancel the [[Ares I|Ares&nbsp;1]] launch vehicle and the [[Constellation program|Constellation moon landing program]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/04/14/obama-vs-neil-armstrong-nasa-constellation/?test=latestnews |title=Star Wars: Neil Armstrong, Obama Spar Over NASA's Future |author=Kaplan, Jeremy A. |date=April 14, 2010 |work=Fox News}}</ref>
In an open public letter also signed by Apollo veterans [[Jim Lovell]] and [[Eugene Cernan|Gene Cernan]], he noted, "For The United States, the leading space faring nation for nearly half a century, to be without carriage to low Earth orbit and with no human exploration capability to go beyond Earth orbit for an indeterminate time into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36470363 |title=Armstrong: Obama NASA plan 'devastating' |author= Armstrong, Neil et al.|date=April 14, 2010 |work=NBC Nightly News}}</ref> Armstrong had also publicly recalled his initial concerns about the ''Apollo&nbsp;11'' mission, when he had believed there was only a 50% chance of landing on the moon. "I was elated, ecstatic and extremely surprised that we were successful", he later said.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Neil Armstrong: Manned Mars mission 20 years away |work=USA Today |location =Washington DC |url= http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2005-09-06-mars-armstrong_x.htm |date=September 6, 2005 |accessdate=May 3, 2011 |first=Sean|last=Yoong}}</ref>
 
On November&nbsp;18, 2010, at age eighty, Armstrong said in a speech during the ''[[Meet the Future, Science & Technology Summit 2010|Science & Technology Summit]]'' in The Hague, Netherlands, that he would offer his services as commander on a mission to Mars if he were asked.<ref>{{nl}} [http://www.nu.nl/wetenschap/2382331/neil-armstrong-wil-nog-best-mars.html Neil Armstrong wil nog best naar Mars] (Neil Armstrong still wants to go to Mars), [[NU.nl]], November 18, 2010.</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{Portal box|Spaceflight|Biography}}
* [[List of Eagle Scouts]]
* [[List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents]]
* [[Mission control center]]
* [[Project Mercury]]
* [[Space Shuttle program]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}
 
== গ্ৰন্থপঞ্জী ==
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''Cambridge Biographical Dictionary'' (1990). [[Cambridge]]: [[Cambridge University Press]].
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{{refend}}
 
== অতিৰিক্ত পঠন ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web| last =Kirk| first =Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Amy| coauthors =United States Naval Forces Central Command| title =Astronaut Legend Neil Armstrong Receives Naval Astronaut Wings| work =www.cusnc.navy.mil| url =http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2010/021.html| accessdate =May 14, 2011}}
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* [http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/armstrong_ambassador_of_exploration.html "Neil Armstrong Honored as an Ambassador of Exploration", NASA article]
* [http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/717 ''Cosmos'' magazine, October 2006]
*{{Find a Grave|95929698}}
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Ellsworth Bunker]]
| title = [[Sylvanus Thayer Award|Sylvanus Thayer Award recipient]]
| years = 1971
| after = [[Billy Graham (evangelist)|Billy Graham]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{People who have walked on the Moon}}
{{Congressional Space Medal of Honor}}
{{NASA Astronaut Group 2|state=autocollapse}}
 
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| NAME = Armstrong, Neil Alden
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Neil Armstrong
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American astronaut; first human to set foot on the Moon
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1930-08-05
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States
| DATE OF DEATH = 2012-08-25
| PLACE OF DEATH = Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
}}
 
[[af:Neil Armstrong]]
[[am:ኒል አርምስትሮንግ]]