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এৰিষ্ট'টল: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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107 নং শাৰী:
===পদাৰ্থ বিদ্যা===
====পাচঁটা উপাদান====
এম্পেড’ক্লেচে আগবঢ়োৱা চাৰিটা উপাদানৰ ধাৰণাৰ লগত এৰিষ্ট'টলে পঞ্চমটো উপাদানৰ ধাৰণা আগবঢ়াইআগবঢ়ায়,
* পৃথিৱী (ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদান), যি চেঁচা আৰু শুকান; ই আধুনিক ধাৰণাৰ গোটা বস্তুৰ সৈতে একে।
* পানী (ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদান), যি চেঁচা আৰু ভিজা; ই আধুনিক ধাৰণাৰ তৰল পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে একে।
115 নং শাৰী:
 
 
প্ৰত্যেকটো ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদানৰে নিজা প্ৰাকৃতিক স্থান আছে৷ ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদানবোৰে বিশ্বব্ৰহ্মাণ্ড বা পৃথিৱীৰ কেন্দ্ৰলৈ গতি কৰাৰ প্ৰৱণতা দেখুৱায়৷ পানীয়ে পৃথিৱীৰ কেন্দ্ৰৰ চাৰিওকাষে থকা গোলাকাৰ অংশতোলৈ গতি কৰে৷ বায়ুয়ে পানীপূৰ্ণ গোলাকাৰ অংশৰ চাৰিওকাষে স্থান লয়৷ জুইয়ে চন্দ্ৰই পৰিভ্ৰমণ কৰা গতিপথৰ চাৰিওকাষে স্থান লোৱাৰ প্ৰবণতা দেখুৱায়৷ যদিহে এই ধ্ৰুপদী উপাদান সমহূহ সিহঁতৰ স্বাভাৱিক স্থানৰ পৰা আঁতৰোৱা হয়, তেন্তে ই আকৌ পূৰ্বৰ স্থানলৈ ঘুৰি যোৱাৰ প্ৰবণতা দেখুৱায়৷ এই গতি কোনো বাহ্যিক শক্তি জড়িত নথকা স্বাভাৱিক গতি৷
Each of the four earthly elements has its natural place. All that is earthly tends toward the center of the universe, i.e., the center of the Earth. Water tends toward a sphere surrounding the center. Air tends toward a sphere surrounding the water sphere. Fire tends toward the lunar sphere (in which the Moon orbits). When elements are moved out of their natural place, they naturally move back towards it. This is "natural motion"—motion requiring no extrinsic cause. So, for example, in water, earthy bodies sink while air bubbles rise up; in air, rain falls and flame rises. Outside all the other spheres, the heavenly, fifth element, manifested in the stars and planets, moves in the perfection of circles.
 
====গতি====
Aristotle defined [[Motion (physics)|motion]] as the actuality of a potentiality ''as such''.<ref>''Physics'' 201a10–11, 201a27–29, 201b4–5</ref> Aquinas suggested that the passage be understood literally; that motion can indeed be understood as the active fulfillment of a potential, as a transition toward a potentially possible state. Because [[Aristotle#Substance, potentiality and actuality|actuality and potentiality]] are normally opposites in Aristotle, other commentators either suggest that the wording which has come down to us is erroneous, or that the addition of the "as such" to the definition is critical to understanding it.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sachs|first=Joe|title=Aristotle: Motion and its Place in Nature|year=2005|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/|journal=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>
 
====কাৰ্যকাৰণবাদ (Causality), চাৰিটা কাৰক====<!-- This section is linked from [[Retrocausality]]. See [[WP:MOS#Section management]] -->
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[[File:Octopus3.jpg|thumb|Octopus swimming]]
[[File:Triakis semifasciata.jpg|thumb|Leopard shark]]
 
Aristotle is the earliest natural historian whose work has survived in some detail. Aristotle certainly did research on the natural history of [[Lesbos]], and the surrounding seas and neighbouring areas. The works that reflect this research, such as ''[[History of Animals]]'', ''[[Generation of Animals]]'', and ''[[Parts of Animals]]'', contain some observations and interpretations, along with sundry myths and mistakes. The most striking passages are about the sea-life visible from observation on Lesbos and available from the catches of fishermen. His observations on [[catfish]], [[Electric ray|electric fish]] (''[[Torpedo (genus)|Torpedo]]'') and angler-fish are detailed, as is his writing on [[cephalopod]]s, namely, ''[[Octopus]]'', ''Sepia'' ([[cuttlefish]]) and the paper nautilus (''[[Argonauta argo]]''). His description of the [[hectocotylus|hectocotyl arm]], used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until its rediscovery in the 19th century. He separated the aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that sharks and rays were part of the group he called Selachē ([[selachians]]).<ref name="Singer, Charles 1931">Singer, Charles. ''A short history of biology''. Oxford 1931.</ref>
 
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