উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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<!-- Treatment and epidemiology -->
জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু ঔষধে ৰক্তচাপ কমাই স্বাস্থ্যৰ গুৰুতৰ বিসংগতি ৰোধিব পাৰে।<ref name=NIH2015Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/treatment|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ভিতৰত ওজন কমোৱা, নিমখ কমাই খোৱা, শাৰীৰিক ব্যায়াম আৰু স্বাস্থ্যসন্মত আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ প্ৰধান।<ref name=Lancet2015/> এইবোৰ উপায়ে কাম নিদিলে ঔষধৰ প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়।<ref name=NIH2015Tx/> ৯০% মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তিনিবিধলৈকে ঔষধে ৰক্তচাপ কমাব পাৰে।<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|last1=Poulter|first1=NR|last2=Prabhakaran|first2=D|last3=Caulfield|first3=M|title=Hypertension.|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=801–12|pmid=25832858|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9}}</ref> Theবিশ্বজুৰি treatmentউচ্চ ofৰক্তচাপে moderately high arterial blood pressure (defined as >160/100 mmHg) with medications is associated with an improved [[life expectancy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Musini|first1=VM|last2=Tejani|first2=AM|last3=Bassett|first3=K|last4=Wright|first4=JM|title=Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=7 October 2009|issue=4|page=CD000028|pmid=19821263|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000028.pub2}}</ref> The effect of treatment of blood pressure between 140/90&nbsp;mmHg and 160/100&nbsp;mmHg is less clear, with some reviews finding benefit<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sundström|first1=Johan|last2=Arima|first2=Hisatomi|last3=Jackson|first3=Rod|last4=Turnbull|first4=Fiona|last5=Rahimi|first5=Kazem|last6=Chalmers|first6=John|last7=Woodward|first7=Mark|last8=Neal|first8=Bruce|title=Effects of Blood Pressure Reduction in Mild Hypertension|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=February 2015|pmid=25531552|doi=10.7326/M14১৬-0773|volume=162|pages=184–91}}</ref><ref>{{cite৩৭% journal|last1=Xie|first1=X|last2=Atkins|first2=E|last3=Lv|first3=J|last4=Bennett|first4=A|last5=Neal|first5=B|last6=Ninomiya|first6=T|last7=Woodward|first7=M|last8=MacMahon|first8=S|last9=Turnbull|first9=F|last10=Hillis|first10=GS|last11=Chalmers|first11=J|last12=Mant|first12=J|last13=Salam|first13=A|last14=Rahimi|first14=K|last15=Perkovic|first15=V|last16=Rodgers|first16=A|title=Effectsলোকৰ ofস্বাস্থ্যত intensiveপ্ৰভাৱ blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=30 January 2016|pmid=26559744|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00805-3|volume=387 |issue=10017|pages=435–43}}</ref> and others finding a lack of evidence for benefitপেলায়।.<ref name=Diao2012>{{cite journal|last1=Diao|first1=D|last2=Wright|first2=JM|last3=Cundiff|first3=DK|last4=Gueyffier|first4=F|title=Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=Aug 15, 2012|volume=8|pages=CD006742|pmid=22895954|doi=10.1002Lancet2015/14651858.CD006742.pub2}}</ref> High২০১০ bloodচনত pressureউচ্চ affectsৰক্তচাপ between 16 and 37১৮% ofমৃত্যুৰ the population globally(৯.<ref name=Lancet2015/>নিযুত) Inকাৰণ 2010আছিল hypertensionবুলি wasবিশ্বাস believedকৰা to have been a factor in 18% (9.4 million) deaths.হয়।<ref name=Camp2015>{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=NR|last2=Lackland|first2=DT|last3=Lisheng|first3=L|last4=Niebylski|first4=ML|last5=Nilsson|first5=PM|last6=Zhang|first6=XH|title=Using the Global Burden of Disease study to assist development of nation-specific fact sheets to promote prevention and control of hypertension and reduction in dietary salt: a resource from the World Hypertension League.|journal=Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)|date=March 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=165–67|pmid=25644474|doi=10.1111/jch.12479}}</ref>
[[File:Hypertension video.webm|thumb|upright=1.4|Video explanation]]
 
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==লক্ষণ আৰু চিহ্নসমূহ==
==Signs and symptoms==
Hypertension is rarely accompanied by symptoms, and its identification is usually through [[Screening (medicine)|screening]], or when seeking healthcare for an unrelated problem. Some with high blood pressure report [[headache]]s (particularly at the [[Occiput|back of the head]] and in the morning), as well as [[lightheadedness]], [[vertigo]], [[tinnitus]] (buzzing or hissing in the ears), altered vision or [[Syncope (medicine)|fainting episodes]].<ref name=Fisher2005>{{cite book |vauthors=Fisher ND, Williams GH |veditors=Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine|edition=16th |year=2005 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-07-139140-1 |pages=1463–81 |chapter=Hypertensive vascular disease|display-editors=etal}}</ref> These symptoms, however, might be related to associated [[anxiety (mood)|anxiety]] rather than the high blood pressure itself.<ref name=Stress2012>{{cite journal|last=Marshall|first=IJ|author2=Wolfe, CD |author3=McKevitt, C |title=Lay perspectives on hypertension and drug adherence: systematic review of qualitative research|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=Jul 9, 2012|volume=345|page=e3953|pmid=22777025|pmc=3392078|doi=10.1136/bmj.e3953}}</ref>
 
On [[physical examination]], hypertension may be associated with the presence of changes in the [[optic fundus]] seen by [[ophthalmoscopy]].<ref name=Wong2007>{{cite journal |author=Wong T, Mitchell P |title=The eye in hypertension |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=425–35 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17276782 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60198-6|last2=Mitchell }}</ref> The severity of the changes typical of [[hypertensive retinopathy]] is graded from I–IV; grades I and II may be difficult to differentiate.<ref name=Wong2007/> The severity of the retinopathy correlates roughly with the duration or the severity of the hypertension.<ref name=Fisher2005/>
 
===অপ্ৰধান উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ===
===Secondary hypertension===
{{Main article|Secondary hypertension}}
Hypertension with certain specific additional signs and symptoms may suggest secondary hypertension, i.e. hypertension due to an identifiable cause. For example, [[Cushing's syndrome]] frequently causes truncal obesity, [[glucose intolerance]], [[moon face]], a hump of fat behind the neck/shoulder, and purple abdominal [[stretch marks]].<ref name=ABC>{{cite book |author1=O'Brien, Eoin |author2=Beevers, D. G. |author3=Lip, Gregory Y. H. |title=ABC of hypertension |publisher=BMJ Books |location=London |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4051-3061-X |oclc= |doi= }}</ref> [[Hyperthyroidism]] frequently causes weight loss with increased appetite, [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], [[exophthalmos|bulging eyes]], and tremor. [[Renal artery stenosis]] (RAS) may be associated with a localized abdominal [[bruit]] to the left or right of the midline (unilateral RAS), or in both locations (bilateral RAS). [[Coarctation of the aorta]] frequently causes a decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities relative to the arms, or delayed or absent [[femoral artery|femoral arterial pulses]]. [[Pheochromocytoma]] may cause abrupt ("paroxysmal") episodes of hypertension accompanied by headache, [[palpitation]]s, [[Pallor|pale appearance]], and [[Diaphoresis|excessive sweating]].<ref name="ABC" />
 
===উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপীয় সংকট===
===Hypertensive crisis===
{{main article|Hypertensive crisis}}
Severely elevated blood pressure (equal to or greater than a systolic 180 or diastolic of 110) is referred to as a hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crisis is categorized as either [[hypertensive urgency]] or [[hypertensive emergency]], according to the absence or presence of end organ damage, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Hypertensive crisis|journal = Cardiology in Review|date = 2010-04-01|issn = 1538-4683|pmid = 20160537|pages = 102–07|volume = 18|issue = 2|doi = 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181c307b7|first = Maria Alexandra|last = Rodriguez|first2 = Siva K.|last2 = Kumar|first3 = Matthew|last3 = De Caro}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Hypertensive Crisis|url = http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPressure/Hypertensive-Crisis_UCM_301782_Article.jsp|website = www.heart.org|accessdate = 2015-07-25}}</ref>