ৰক্তদল: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য
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10:06, 24 October 2019ৰ সংস্কৰণ
ৰক্তদল (বা তেজৰ গ্ৰুপ) তেজৰ এক শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন। লোহিত ৰক্ত কণিকাৰ পৃষ্ঠত কিছুমান এণ্টিজেন আৰু প্লাজমাত তেনে এণ্টিবডিৰ উপস্থিতি-অনুপস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি এই বিভাজন কৰা হয়। ৰক্তদল প্ৰণালী ভেদে এই এণ্টিজেন প্ৰ'টিন, কাৰ্ব'হাইড্ৰেট, গ্লাইক'প্ৰ'টিন বা গ্লাইক'লিপিড হ'ব পাৰে। ইয়াৰে কোনো কোনো এণ্টিজেন আন কলাৰ কোষতো থাকে। ৰক্ত কণিকাৰ পৃষ্ঠত থকা এনে কেইবাটাও এণ্টিজেন এটা এলিল (allele)ৰ পৰা উদ্ভুত হৈ এটা ৰক্তদল প্ৰণালী গঠন কৰে।[1] ৰক্তদলত পিতৃ-মাতৃ দুয়োজনৰ অৱদান থাকে। ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ছ'ছাইটী অৱ ব্লাড ট্ৰান্সফিউজন ((ISBT) সংস্থাই এতিয়ালৈকে ৩৬ টা মানৱ ৰক্তদল প্ৰণালী আৰু ৩৪৬ টা এটিজেন চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।[2] আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দুটা ৰক্তদল প্ৰণালী হৈছে ABO আৰু Rh ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি।
ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি
A complete blood type would describe a full set of 30 substances on the surface of red blood cells, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens.[3] Across the 36 blood group systems, 308 different blood-group antigens have been found.[2] Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease.[4][5][6][7] Another more common cause of blood type change is a bone marrow transplant. Bone-marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases. If a person receives bone marrow from someone who is a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type will eventually convert to the donor's type.
Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome.[8] Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen.[9] The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of natural selection, is less common in racial groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria.[10]
ABO ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি
The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into 4 groups, those with antigen A (group A), those with antigen B (group B), those with both antigen A and B (group AB) and those with neither antigen (group O). The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows:
- Antigen A with antibody B
- Antigen B with antibody A
- Antigen AB has no antibodies
- Antigen nil (group O) with antibody A and B.
There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody (for example, antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B). Thus, transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor.
The ABO system is the most important blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually immunoglobulin M, abbreviated IgM, antibodies. It has been hypothesized that ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria, and viruses, although blood group compatibility rules are applied to newborn and infants as a matter of practice.[11] The original terminology used by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 for the classification was A/B/C; in later publications "C" became "O".[12] Type O is often called 0 (zero, or null) in other languages.[12][13]
| Phenotype | Genotype |
|---|---|
| A | AA or AI |
| B | BB or BI |
| AB | AB |
| O | II |
Rh ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি
The Rh system (Rh meaning Rhesus) is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can produce IgG anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive RBCs.[14] Rh disease can develop in these cases.[15] Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in European populations (15%).[16] The presence or absence of the Rh(D) antigen is signified by the + or − sign, so that, for example, the A− group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh (D) antigen.
আন ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি
28 blood-group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems.[17] Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Lea or Leb negative (Lewis system), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানত গুৰুত্ব
তথ্যসূত্ৰ
- ↑ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. প্ৰকাশক Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Storry, J. R.; Castilho, L.; Chen, Q.; Daniels, G.; Denomme, G.; Flegel, W. A.; Gassner, C.; de Haas, M. et al. (2016). "International society of blood transfusion working party on red cell immunogenetics and terminology: report of the Seoul and London meetings". ISBT Science Series খণ্ড 11 (2): 118–122. doi:10.1111/voxs.12280.
- ↑ "Table of blood group systems". International Society of Blood Transfusion. October 2008. http://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/isbt%20pages/isbt%20terminology%20pages/table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2008-09-12.
- ↑ Dean 2005, The ABO blood group "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."
- ↑ "B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum". Transfusion খণ্ড 27 (1): 41–4. 1987. doi:10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x. PMID 3810822.
- ↑ "Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer". The Japanese Journal of Surgery খণ্ড 13 (6): 540–2. November 1983. doi:10.1007/BF02469500. PMID 6672386.
- ↑ "Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet খণ্ড 369 (9557): 186–7; author reply 187. 2007. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3. PMID 17240276.
- ↑ Chown B.; Lewis M.; Kaita K. (October 1957). "A new Kell blood-group phenotype". Nature খণ্ড 180 (4588): 711. doi:10.1038/180711a0. PMID 13477267.
- ↑ "The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy". The New England Journal of Medicine খণ্ড 295 (6): 302–4. August 1976. doi:10.1056/NEJM197608052950602. PMID 778616.
- ↑ Kwiatkowski DP (August 2005). "How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria". American Journal of Human Genetics খণ্ড 77 (2): 171–92. doi:10.1086/432519. PMID 16001361. "The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria".
- ↑ "Position statement: Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants". Canadian Pediatric Society. April 14, 2014. https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/red-blood-cell-transfusion-newborn-infants.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schmidt, P; Okroi, M (2001), "Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL'", Infus Ther Transfus Med খণ্ড 28 (4): 206–8, doi:10.1159/000050239
- ↑ "Your blood – a textbook about blood and blood donation" (PDF). পৃষ্ঠা: 63. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080626184746/http://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2008-07-15.
- ↑ Talaro, Kathleen P. (2005). Foundations in microbiology (5th সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক New York: McGraw-Hill. পৃষ্ঠা. 510–1. ISBN 0-07-111203-0.
- ↑ Moise KJ (July 2008). "Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy". Obstetrics and Gynecology খণ্ড 112 (1): 164–76. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817d453c. PMID 18591322.
- ↑ "Rh血型的由來". Hospital.kingnet.com.tw. http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/activity/blood/html/a.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2010-08-01.
- ↑ Joshua E. Brown (22 February 2012). "Blood Mystery Solved". University Of Vermont. http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmpr/?Page=news&storyID=13259। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 11 June 2012.
আতিৰিক্ত পাঠ্য
- Dean, Laura (2005). Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy. প্ৰকাশক Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. NBK2261. ISBN 1-932811-05-2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2261/.
- Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine (10th সম্পাদনা). প্ৰকাশক Oxford UK: Blackwell Science. 1997. ISBN 0-86542-881-6.
বাহ্যিক সংযোগ
| ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্সত Blood types সম্পৰ্কীয় মিডিয়া ফাইল আছে। |
- BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO -110300
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Rhesus Blood Group, D Antigen; RHD -111680
- "Blood group test". Gentest.ch GmbH. http://www.gene-tests.org/blood-group-test। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2017-03-23.
- "Blood Facts – Rare Traits". LifeShare Blood Centers. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060926110321/http://www.lifeshare.org/facts/raretraits.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: September 15, 2006.
- "Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types". Dr. Dennis O'Neil, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. 2001-06-06. Archived from the original on 2001-06-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20010606114236/http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: November 23, 2006.
- "Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types – BloodBook.com, Blood Information for Life". bloodbook.com. http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: September 15, 2006.
- "Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO". http://abobloodgroup.googlepages.com/home। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: July 31, 2008.