ৰক্তদল: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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==ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি==
এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ ৰক্তদল বৰ্ণনা কৰিবলৈ হ'লে লোহিত ৰক্ত কণিকাৰ পৃষ্ঠত থকা প্ৰায় ৩০টা উপাদান উল্লেখ কৰিব লাগিব আৰু এজন লোকৰ ৰক্তদল তেজত এণ্টিজেনৰ ভিন ভিন মিশ্ৰণত ফুটি উঠে।<ref name=iccbba>{{cite web |url=http://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/isbt%20pages/isbt%20terminology%20pages/table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm |title=Table of blood group systems |accessdate=2008-09-12 |date=October 2008 |publisher=International Society of Blood Transfusion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916225706/http://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/isbt%20pages/isbt%20terminology%20pages/table%20of%20blood%20group%20systems.htm |archive-date=2008-09-16 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> Almostসাধাৰণতে always,এজন anমানুহৰ individualজীৱনকালত hasএকেটা theৰক্তদলেই same blood group for lifeথাকে, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen inকাচিৎ [[infectionসংক্ৰমণ]], [[malignancyকৰ্কট ৰোগ]], orবা [[autoimmuneস্ব-অনাক্ৰম্য diseaseৰোগ]].ত এণ্টিজেনৰ সালসলনি হৈ ৰক্তদলো সলনি হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{harvnb|Dean|2005|loc=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/rbcantigen/ch05ABO/ The ABO blood group] "... A number of illnesses may alter a person's ABO phenotype ..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stayboldt C, Rearden A, Lane TA |title=B antigen acquired by normal A1 red cells exposed to a patient's serum |journal=Transfusion |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=41–4 |year=1987 |pmid=3810822 |doi=10.1046/j.1537-2995.1987.27187121471.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Matsushita S, Imamura T, Mizuta T, Hanada M |title=Acquired B antigen and polyagglutination in a patient with gastric cancer |journal=The Japanese Journal of Surgery |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=540–2 |date=November 1983 |pmid=6672386 |doi=10.1007/BF02469500}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kremer Hovinga I, Koopmans M, de Heer E, Bruijn J, Bajema I |title=Change in blood group in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9557 |pages=186–7; author reply 187 |year=2007 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60099-3 |pmid= 17240276}}</ref> Another more common cause of blood type change is a [[boneঅস্থি marrowমজ্জা transplantসংস্থাপন]].ৰ (bone Bone-marrow transplantstransplant) areপাছতো performedৰক্তদল forসলনি manyহ'ব [[leukemias]]পাৰে। andএজন [[lymphomas]],মানুহে amongঅন্য otherABO diseases.প্ৰকাৰৰ Ifমানুহৰ aপৰা personঅস্থি receivesমজ্জা boneগ্ৰহণ marrow from someone who is a different ABO typeকৰিলে (e.g., a typeযেনে- A patientগোটৰ receives a typeৰোগীয়ে O boneগোটৰ marrowমজ্জা), theৰোগীৰ patient'sৰক্তদলো bloodদিয়াজনৰ typeদললৈ willসলনি eventually convert to the donor's type.ব।
 
কিছুমান ৰক্তদল আন ৰোগৰ লগত জড়িত হ'ব পাৰে। যেনে- কে'ল (Kell) এণ্টিজেন মেক্‌লিয়ড ছীন্দ্ৰ'মৰ ৰোগীত প্ৰায়ে পোৱা যায়।<ref><!--
Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases; for example, the [[Kell blood group system|Kell antigen]] is sometimes associated with [[McLeod syndrome]].<ref><!--
-->{{cite journal |author1=Chown B. |author2=Lewis M. |author3=Kaita K. |title=A new Kell blood-group phenotype |journal=Nature |volume=180 |issue=4588 |page=711 |date=October 1957 |pmid=13477267 |doi=10.1038/180711a0}}</ref><!--
--> আকৌ কিছুমান ৰক্তদলে ৰোগত আক্ৰান্ত হোৱা-নোহোৱাত প্ৰভাৱ পেলাব পাৰে। যেনে- ডাফী (Duffy) এণ্টিজেন নথকা লোকত কিছুমান [[মেলেৰিয়া]] প্ৰজাতিয়ে আক্ৰান্ত কৰিব নোৱাৰে।<ref><!--
--> Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific [[malaria]] species seen in individuals lacking the [[Duffy antigen]].<ref><!--
-->{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJM197608052950602 |vauthors=Miller LH, Mason SJ, Clyde DF, McGinniss MH |title=The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype, FyFy |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=302–4 |date=August 1976 |pmid=778616}}</ref><!--
-->
--> The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of [[natural selection]], is less common in racial groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kwiatkowski DP |title=How Malaria Has Affected the Human Genome and What Human Genetics Can Teach Us about Malaria |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–92 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16001361 |pmc=1224522 |doi=10.1086/432519 |quote=The different geographic distributions of α thalassemia, G6PD deficiency, ovalocytosis, and the Duffy-negative blood group are further examples of the general principle that different populations have evolved different genetic variants to protect against malaria}}</ref>
 
===ABO ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি===
[[চিত্ৰ:ABO blood group diagram.svg|right|thumb|350px|''ABO blood group system'': diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group]]
{{Main|ABO bloodৰক্তদল group systemপদ্ধতি}}
 
ABO ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতিত দুবিধ এণ্টিজেন আৰু দুবিধ এণ্টিবডি জড়িত থাকে। এণ্টিজেন দুবিধ এণ্টিজেন A আৰু B। এণ্টিবডি দুবিধ এণ্টিবডি A আৰু B। এণ্টিজেনবোৰ লোহিত ৰক্ত কণিকাৰ পৃষ্ঠত থাকে আৰু এণ্টিবডি [[ৰক্তপ্ৰৰস]]ত (প্লাজমা) থাকে। এইদৰে সকলো মানুহকে চাৰিটা গোটত ভগাব পাৰি- এণ্টিজেন A থকা লোক (A গ্ৰুপ), এণ্টিজেন B থকা লোক (B গ্ৰুপ), A আৰু B দুইটা এণ্টিজেন থকা লোক (AB গ্ৰুপ) আৰু এটাও এণ্টিজেন নথকা লোক (O গ্ৰুপ)। এইসকল লোকৰ তেজত থকা এণ্টিবডি এনেধৰণৰ:
The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into 4 groups, those with antigen A (group A), those with antigen B (group B), those with both antigen A and B (group AB) and those with neither antigen (group O). The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows:
# Antigen A with antibody B
# Antigen B with antibody A
# Antigen AB has no antibodies
# Antigen nil (group O) with antibody A and B.
 
# এণ্টিজেন A এণ্টিবডি B
There is an [[Agglutination (biology)|agglutination]] reaction between similar antigen and antibody (for example, antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B). Thus, transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor.
# এণ্টিজেন B এণ্টিবডি A
# এণ্টিজেন AB এণ্টিবডি নাই
# এণ্টিজেন নাই (O গ্ৰুপ) এণ্টিবডি A আৰু B।
 
একে এণ্টিজেন আৰু এণ্টিবডিৰ মাজত এগ্লুটিনেচন বিক্ৰিয়া (এণ্টিজেন-এণ্টিবডি বিক্ৰিয়া) হয় (যেনে, A এণ্টিজেনে A এণ্টিবডিৰ লগত বিক্ৰিয়া কৰে আৰু B এণ্টিজেনে B এণ্টিবডিৰ লগত বিক্ৰিয়া কৰে)।
The ''ABO system'' is the most important blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually ''[[immunoglobulin M]]'', abbreviated [[IgM]], antibodies. It has been hypothesized that ABO IgM [[antibodies]] are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, [[bacteria]], and [[virus]]es, although blood group compatibility rules are applied to newborn and infants as a matter of practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Position statement: Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants |url=https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/red-blood-cell-transfusion-newborn-infants |publisher=Canadian Pediatric Society |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref> The original terminology used by [[Karl Landsteiner]] in 1901 for the classification was A/B/C; in later publications "C" became "O".<ref name=Oor0>{{Citation | last1 = Schmidt | first1 = P | last2 = Okroi | first2 = M | title = Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL' | journal = Infus Ther Transfus Med | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 206–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = | doi = 10.1159/000050239}}</ref> Type O is often called ''0'' (''zero'', or ''null'') in other languages.<ref name="Oor0"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf |title=Your blood&nbsp;– a textbook about blood and blood donation |accessdate=2008-07-15 |format=PDF |work= |page=63 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080626184746/http://www.bloddonor.dk/fileadmin/Fil_Arkiv/PDF_filer/Andre/Your_Blood__June_2006.pdf |archivedate = June 26, 2008}}</ref>
 
মানুহৰ ৰক্ত সংচাৰণৰ বাবে ABO ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি সকলোতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। ধাৰণা কৰা হয় যে ABO IgM প্ৰকাৰৰ এণ্টিবডিবোৰ জীৱনৰ প্ৰথম বছৰত খাদ্য, [[বেক্টেৰিয়া]], [[ভাইৰাছ]] আদি পাৰিবেশক কাৰকৰ সংস্পৰ্শলৈ আদি সৃষ্টি হয়। তথাপি নৱজাতকৰ বাবেও ৰক্তদল সামঞ্জস্য পৰীক্ষা কৰা হয়।<ref>{{cite web|title=Position statement: Red blood cell transfusion in newborn infants |url=https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/red-blood-cell-transfusion-newborn-infants |publisher=Canadian Pediatric Society |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref> কাৰ্ল লেণ্ডষ্টেইনাৰে ১৯০১ চনত প্ৰথম এই ৰক্তদলৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰকাশ কৰোঁতে গোটবোৰৰ নাম A/B/C দিছিল; পাছলৈ "C" টো "O" নাম দিয়ে।<ref name=Oor0>{{Citation | last1 = Schmidt | first1 = P | last2 = Okroi | first2 = M | title = Also sprach Landsteiner – Blood Group 'O' or Blood Group 'NULL' | journal = Infus Ther Transfus Med | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 206–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = | doi = 10.1159/000050239}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:100px;"|[[Phenotype]]ফিন'টাইপ
|'''জিন'টাইপ'''
! style="width:100px;"|[[Genotype]]
|-
| A || AA orবা AI
|-
| B || BB orবা BI
|-
| AB || AB
Line 39 ⟶ 40:
 
===Rh ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি===
{{Main|Rh bloodৰক্তদল group systemপদ্ধতি}}
Rh পদ্ধতি (Rhৰ অৰ্থ ''[[Rhesus macaque|Rhesus]]'') মানুহৰ ৰক্ত সংচাৰণত দ্বিতীয় গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ পদ্ধতি। ইয়াৰে মূল Rh এণ্টিজেনবিধ D কাৰণ ই আনবোৰতকৈ বেছিকৈ প্ৰতিৰক্ষা প্ৰণালীৰ প্ৰতিক্ৰিয়া উৎপন্ন কৰিব পাৰে। D-ঋণাত্মক লোকৰ (অৰ্থাৎ Rh নিগেটিভ) স্বাভাৱিকভাৱে কোনো Rh এণ্টিবডি নাথাকে। কিন্তু গৰ্ভধাৰণৰ সময়ত গৰ্ভৰ শুশুৰ তেজ মাকলৈ আহিলে, বা D-ধণাত্মক লোকৰ তেজ ঋণাত্মক লোকে গ্ৰহণ কৰিলে এণ্টিবডি উৎপন্ন হ'ব।<ref name="Talaro, Kathleen P. 2005 510–1">{{cite book|author=Talaro, Kathleen P.|title=Foundations in microbiology|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|year=2005|pages=510–1|isbn=0-07-111203-0 |edition=5th}}</ref> Rh(D) এণ্টিজেনৰ উপস্থিতি-অনুপস্থিতি + বা − চিনেৰে দেখুওৱা হয়। যেনে A− গ্ৰুপ মানে ABO প্ৰকাৰ A আৰু Rh (D) এণ্টিজেন নাই।
The Rh system (Rh meaning ''[[Rhesus macaque|Rhesus]]'') is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens. The most significant Rh antigen is the D antigen, because it is the most likely to provoke an immune system response of the five main Rh antigens. It is common for D-negative individuals not to have any anti-D IgG or IgM antibodies, because anti-D antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. However, D-negative individuals can produce [[IgG]] anti-D antibodies following a sensitizing event: possibly a fetomaternal transfusion of blood from a fetus in pregnancy or occasionally a blood transfusion with D positive [[Red blood cell|RBC]]s.<ref name="Talaro, Kathleen P. 2005 510–1">{{cite book|author=Talaro, Kathleen P.|title=Foundations in microbiology|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|year=2005|pages=510–1|isbn=0-07-111203-0 |edition=5th}}</ref> [[Rh disease]] can develop in these cases.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Moise KJ|title=Management of rhesus alloimmunization in pregnancy|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=112|issue=1|pages=164–76|date=July 2008|pmid=18591322|doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817d453c}}</ref> Rh negative blood types are much less common in Asian populations (0.3%) than they are in European populations (15%).<ref name="Rh group and its origin">{{cite web|url=http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/activity/blood/html/a.html|title=Rh血型的由來|publisher=Hospital.kingnet.com.tw|accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
The presence or absence of the Rh(D) antigen is signified by the + or − sign, so that, for example, the A− group is ABO type A and does not have the Rh (D) antigen.
 
===আন ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি===
{{Main|মানৱ ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি}}
{{Main|Human blood group systems}}
ইণ্টাৰনেচনেল ছ'ছাইটী অৱ ব্লাড ট্ৰান্সফিউজন সংস্থাই এতিয়ালৈকে প্ৰায় ৩৬টা ৰক্তদল পদ্ধতি চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।<ref>{{cite web
28 blood-group systems have been identified by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in addition to the common ABO and Rh systems.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmpr/?Page=news&storyID=13259
|title=Blood Mystery Solved
51 নং শাৰী:
|date=22 February 2012
|publisher=University Of Vermont
|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> ABO আৰু Rh এণ্টিজেনৰ লগতে আন বহু এণ্টিজেন লোহিত ৰক্ত কণিকাৰ পৃষ্ঠত থাকে। যেনে এজন মানুহ AB, D পজিটিভ, আৰু একেসময়তে M আৰু N পজিটিভ ([[MNS এণ্টিজেন পদ্ধতি|MNS]] পদ্ধতি), K পজিটিভ ([[Kell antigen system|Kell পদ্ধতি]]), Le<sup>a</sup> বা Le<sup>b</sup> নিগেটিভ (লিৱিছ পদ্ধতি) আদি হ'ব পাৰে।
|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rh antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB, D positive, and at the same time M and N positive ([[MNS antigen system|MNS system]]), K positive ([[Kell antigen system|Kell system]]), Le<sup>a</sup> or Le<sup>b</sup> negative ([[Lewis antigen system|Lewis system]]), and so on, being positive or negative for each blood group system antigen. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.
 
==চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানত গুৰুত্ব==
 
* ৰক্ত সংচাৰণ
* নৱজাতকৰ ৰক্তভংগ ৰোগ (Hemolytic disease of the newborn)
* তেজৰ সামগ্ৰী
* লোহিত ৰক্ত কণিকা সামঞ্জস্যতা
* প্লাজমা সামঞ্জস্যতা
 
==তথ্যসূত্ৰ==
"https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/ৰক্তদল"ৰ পৰা অনা হৈছে