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2 নং শাৰী:
 
{{bots|deny=citation bot}}
{{dablink|[[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:REF]] redirects here. You may be looking for [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Reference Desk]]. [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:CS]] also redirects here. You may be looking for [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Clean start]]. For a simpler introduction to citing sources, see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Referencing for beginners]]. For citing Wikipedia articles in academic journals, websites and in other media, see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing Wikipedia]].}}
{{subcat guideline|content guideline|WP:CS|WP:CITE|WP:REF}}
{{Nutshell|This guideline discusses how to format [[citations]]. For the policy on sourcing, see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verifiability|Verifiability]].}}
 
A citation is a line of text that uniquely [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Identifying reliable sources|identifies a source]]. For example:
 
{{Quotation|Ritter, Ron. ''The Oxford Style Manual''. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 1.}}
 
[[#When and why to cite sources|When and why to cite sources]]: The policy on sourcing is [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verifiability|verifiability]]. This requires [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources#A quick how-to|inline citations]] for any material challenged or [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:CHALLENGED|likely to be challenged]], and for all quotations. The policy is strictly applied to all material in the mainspace—articles, lists, captions, and sections of articles—without exception. In the event of a contradiction between this page and the policy, the policy takes priority, and this page should be updated to reflect it. Sourcing also applies to images: when an image is uploaded, the uploader must say where the image came from and indicate its copyright status.
 
[[#How to format and place citations|How to write citations]]: Each article should use the same citation method throughout. If an article already has citations, adopt the method in use or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed.
{{guideline list}}
 
== পদৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ==
* '''[[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:SOURCES|Source]]''' has three meanings on Wikipedia: the [[Source text|piece of work]] itself (e.g. ''[[A Theory of Justice]]''); the writer or creator of the work (e.g. [[John Rawls]]); or the publisher of the work (e.g. Harvard University Press). How reliable a source is can depend on just one of these factors, or on all three.<ref>See [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verifiability#Reliable sources]]</ref>
* A '''[[citation]]''' is a line of text that identifies a source; for example, Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.
* An '''[[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:INCITE|inline citation]]''' is one added close to the material it supports—for example after the sentence or paragraph.
* '''[[Reference]]''' may refer to the citation or to the source.
 
== তথ্যসূত্ৰ কেনেকৈ গঠন আৰু স্থাপন কৰিব{{anchor|Adding the citation}} ==
=== Inline citations{{anchor|Inline reference}} ===
{{Shortcut|WP:INCITE}}
An '''inline citation''' is a line of text—such as <nowiki><ref>Smith, John. ''Name of Book''. Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 1</ref></nowiki>—that identifies a source; it is added close to the material it supports, offering [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:INTEGRITY|text-source integrity]]. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the sentence or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text.
 
Two styles of inline citation are commonly used on Wikipedia: [[#Footnotes|clickable footnotes]] (<nowiki><ref> tags</nowiki>, as above) and [[#Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical references]]. The latter would involve adding (Smith 2011, p. 1) in round brackets within the sentence, while the former would include the same citation in a footnote.
 
=== A quick how-to ===
Most editors add inline citations inside footnotes; see [[#Footnotes and References|below]] for more details. One easy way to write them is to add a citation like this to the end of the relevant phrase, sentence, or paragraph:
 
40 নং শাৰী:
<nowiki>{{reflist}}</nowiki>}}
 
=== পাদটীকা আৰু প্ৰসংগ ===
{{see|Help:Footnotes|Wikipedia:Footnotes}}
{{shortcut|WP:CITEFOOT}}
"[[Note (typography)|Footnote]]" and "note" are used interchangeably to refer to citations and commentary placed between ref tags, so that they appear at the end of the article under a Notes or References section heading; the term "endnote" is not used on Wikipedia.
 
Most Wikipedia articles place their citations in footnotes. These appear as clickable numbers within the text, which link to a numbered list of full citations at the end of the article. The citations will appear at the end of the article if you type {{tl|Reflist}}.<ref>''See'' [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Layout#Notes and References]] for information regarding where to place the new appendix in the article.</ref> This will generate the list of footnotes. This is usually called the Notes or References section.
 
For a citation to appear in a footnote, it must be enclosed within "ref" tags. You can add these by typing <nowiki><ref></nowiki> at the front of the citation and <nowiki></ref></nowiki> at the end. Alternatively use the list of "markup" in the edit box, which includes <nowiki><ref></ref></nowiki>.
 
This is how it looks in the edit box:
53 নং শাৰী:
<tt>
The Sun is pretty big,<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''Miller, Edward. <nowiki>''The Sun''.</nowiki> Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span> but the Moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 51(78):46.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''Smith, John. <nowiki>''The Sun's Heat''.</nowiki> Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span><br /><br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;==Notes==</span><br />
<span style="color:black;"><nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki></span>
</tt>
74 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
For [[Helpসহায়:Footnotes#Multiple_citations_of_the_same_reference_or_footnote|multiple citations of the same reference or footnote]], you can also use the name [[HTML#Attributes|attribute]] by using <tt><nowiki><ref</nowiki> name=''name''>''details of the citation''</ref></tt>. Thereafter, the same footnote may be used multiple times by adding <tt><nowiki><ref </nowiki>name=''name''/></tt>. If the name contains [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:REFNAME|an embedded blank space]], you must either add straight quotation marks (<tt><nowiki><ref </nowiki>name="''name more''"/></tt>) or replace the unacceptable blank space with an acceptable symbol such as an underscore or a hyphen (e.g., <tt><nowiki><ref </nowiki>name=''name_more''/></tt> or <tt><nowiki><ref </nowiki>name=''name-more''/></tt>), thus eliminating the need for quotation marks. The name is case-sensitive, but quoted names match names without quotes; <tt>USGS</tt> is matched by <tt>"USGS"</tt> but not by <tt>usgs</tt>.
 
==== হ্ৰস্ব পাদটীকা ====
{{shortcut|WP:CITESHORT|WP:SFN}}
Many articles use short citations in footnotes, giving the author, year, and page number, such as <nowiki><ref>Smith 2010, p. 1.</nowiki></ref> As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section. A full citation is then added in a "References" section. Short citations can be written manually, or by using the [[Templateসাঁচ:Harvard citation documentation#Shortened footnote|<code><nowiki>{{sfn}}</nowiki></code> or <code><nowiki>{{harvnb}}</nowiki></code>]] templates. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to highlight the full citation. See the [[Templateসাঁচ:harvard citation documentation|template documentation]] for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see [[/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full references|wikilinks to full references]]. For a set of realistic examples, see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods#Shortened notes|these]].
 
This is how short citations look in the edit box:
84 নং শাৰী:
<tt>
The Sun is pretty big,<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''<nowiki>Miller 2005</nowiki>, p. 23.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span> but the Moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''<nowiki>Brown 2006</nowiki>, p. 46.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref>'''<nowiki>Miller 2005</nowiki>, p. 34.'''&lt;/ref>'''</span><br /><br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;== Notes ==</span><br />
<span style="color:black;">'''<nowiki>{{Reflist}}</nowiki>'''</span><br /><br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;== References ==</span><br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon," <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 51(78)'''</span>.<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Miller, Edward (2005). <nowiki>''The Sun''.</nowiki> Academic Press'''</span>.</span>
127 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
Since the links are placed manually it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script [[Userসদস্য:Ucucha/HarvErrors]] will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the [[W3C Markup Validation Service]].
 
==== List-defined references ====
{{See|Help:Footnotes#List-defined references|WP:LDR}}
As of September 2009, the Cite.php extension was modified to support list-defined references. These can be implemented with the {{para|refs}} parameter to the {{tl|Reflist}} template, or by using a pair of HTML tags (<code><nowiki><references></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></references></nowiki></code>) in place of the <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> tag. These reduce clutter within articles, by putting all the citation details in the section at the end where the footnotes are displayed. Defined references must be used within the body; unused references will show an error message. Non-list-defined references (ordinary footnote references enclosed with <nowiki><ref> and </ref></nowiki> tags) will display as normal along with list-defined ones. As with other citation formats, list-defined references should not be added to articles that already have a stable referencing system, unless there is consensus to do so. When in doubt, follow the referencing system used by the first major contributor to employ a consistent style.
138 নং শাৰী:
<tt>
The Sun is pretty big,<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref name="Miller2005p23" />'''</span> but the Moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref name="Brown2006" />'''</span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span style="color:black;">'''&lt;ref name="Miller2005p34" />'''</span><br /><br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;==References==</span><br />
<span style="color:black;">'''<nowiki>{{Reflist|refs=</nowiki>'''<br />
'''<nowiki><ref name="Miller2005p23"></nowiki>'''Miller, Edward.<nowiki>''The Sun''.</nowiki> Academic Press, 2005, p. 23.'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
163 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
=== বন্ধনীযুক্ত তথ্যউৎস ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing}}
In parenthetical referencing, a short citation, such as (Smith 2010, p. 1), is added in parentheses (round brackets) just after the point it is supporting. Several forms of [[parenthetical referencing]] are used in Wikipedia, including author-date referencing ([[APA style]], [[Harvard style]], or [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago style]]), and author-title or author-page referencing ([[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] or Chicago style). The full citation (Smith, John. ''Name of Book''. Cambridge University Press, 2010) is then added in alphabetical order, according to the authors' surnames, at the end of the article in a "References" section. The inline and full citation may be linked using a template (see [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:Parenthetical referencing#Linking inline and full citations|linking inline and full citations]]); as with other citation templates, these should not be added to articles without consensus.
 
This is how it looks in the edit box:
171 নং শাৰী:
<tt>
The Sun is pretty big <span style="color:black;">'''(Miller 2005, p. 1)'''</span>, but the Moon is not so big <span style="color:black;">'''(Brown 2006, p. 2)'''</span>. The Sun is also quite hot <span style="color:black;">'''(Miller 2005, p. 3)'''</span>.<br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;== References ==</span><br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 51(78)'''</span>.<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Miller, E (2005). <nowiki>''The Sun''</nowiki>, Academic Press'''</span>.</span>
186 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
=== Text-source integrity ===
{{shortcut|WP:INTEGRITY}}
When using inline citations, it is important to maintain text-source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to check that the material is sourced; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without placing its source clearly can lead to allegations of [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:NOR|original research]], violations of the [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:V|sourcing policy]], and even [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:PLAGFORM|plagiarism]]. Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text-source relationships are maintained.
 
The following inline citation, for example, is not helpful, because the reader does not know whether each source supports the material; each source supports part of it; or just one source supports it with the others added as further reading:
196 নং শাৰী:
Where you are using multiple sources for one sentence, consider bundling citations at the end of the sentence or paragraph with an explanation in the footnote regarding which source supports which point; see [[#Bundling citations|below]] for how to do that.
 
=== তথ্যসূত্ৰৰ একত্ৰীকৰণ ===
{{shortcut|WP:CITEBUNDLE|WP:Bundling}}
{{see|Wikipedia:Citation overkill}}
You can combine or "bundle" citations between one set of ref tags at the end of a sentence or paragraph, along with an explanation in the footnote for which source supports which part of the text. Citation bundling can be done with long or short footnotes, with or without citation templates. It has multiple benefits:
 
:* it helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:INTEGRITY|text-source integrity]];
:* it avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
:* it avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.<ref>Smith, Jane. ''Could this be the source?''. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 1.</ref><ref>Jones, Paul. ''Perhaps this is it''. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 2.</ref><ref>Doe, John. ''Or it could be this one''. Harvard University Press, 2010, p. 3.</ref><ref>Doe, Jane. ''Just one more to check''. Yale University Press, 2010, p. 4.</ref>
:* it makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
 
উদ্ধৃতিৰ একত্ৰীকৰণৰ এটা সহজ উদাহৰণ:
221 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
== আভ্যন্তৰীণ-পাঠ আৰোপণ ==
{{Shortcut|WP:INTEXT}}
'''In-text attribution''' is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:INCITE|inline citation]] after the sentence. In-text attribution should be used with [[direct speech]] (a source's words between quotation marks); [[indirect speech]] (a source's words without quotation marks); and close [[Paraphrase|paraphrasing]]. It can also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism, and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.
 
For example:
229 নং শাৰী:
{{quotation|{{tick}} [[John Rawls]] argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a [[veil of ignorance]].<ref>Rawls, John. [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA118 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 118ff.</ref>}}
 
When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:UNDUE|neutrality]] violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Dawkins is the majority view:
 
{{quotation|{{cross}} [[Richard Dawkins]] argues that human beings evolved through [[natural selection]], but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.}}
241 নং শাৰী:
{{quotation|{{tick}}By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.<ref>Emsley, John. ''Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements''. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 297.</ref>}}
 
== উৎসবিহীন বিষয়বস্তুৰ ব্যৱহাৰ ==
{{Shortcut|WP:NOCITE}}
If an article is unreferenced you can tag it with the template {{tl|Unreferenced}}, so long as it is not nonsensical or a [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:BLP|biography of a living person]], in which case request admin assistance.
 
:* If a claim is '''doubtful but not harmful''', use the {{tl|fact}} tag, which will add "citation needed," but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.
:* If a claim is '''doubtful and harmful''', remove it from the article. You may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless it is very harmful or absurd, in which case it should not be posted to the talk page either. Use your common sense.
:* All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons must be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. See [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Biographies of living persons]] and [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Libel]].
 
== কিছু সাধাৰণ নিৰ্দেশনা ==
=== উৎসৰ উল্লেখ কেতিয়া আৰু কিয় কৰিব লাগে ===
* '''Cite sources when'''
:* adding or restoring material that is [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:V|challenged or likely to be challenged]],
:* [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:QUOTE|quoting]] someone, with or without quotation marks, or closely paraphasing a source,
:* summarizing source material in your own words, in order to [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:PLAGFORM|give credit]] to the source of your ideas,
:* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Uploading images|uploading an image]].
 
* '''Citing sources'''
:* ensures that content can be [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:V|checked by any reader or editor]], which improves the [[reliability of Wikipedia|credibility of Wikipedia]],
:* shows that your edit is [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:NOR|not original research]], [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:PLAGFORM|plagiarism]], or a [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:COPYVIO|copyright violation]],
:* ensures that material about living persons complies with the [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:BLP|biography of living persons policy]],
:* helps readers find [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:LINK|additional information]].
 
=== Say where ''you'' read it ===
<span id="SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span>
{{shortcut|WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT|WP:CITE#SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT}}
270 নং শাৰী:
{{quote|Smith, John. ''Name of Book I Haven't Seen'', Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 1, cited in Paul Jones (ed.). ''Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen''. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 2.}}
 
If you first learned of John Smith's book because it was cited in Paul Jones' encyclopedia, but you then actually obtained and read John Smith's book, it is ''not'' necessary to give "credit" to any sources, search engines, websites, library catalogs, etc., that led you to Smith's book. You may cite Smith's book directly and solely in that instance.
 
For a source available in [[Hard copy|hardcopy]], [[microform]], and/or [[Online and offline|online]], omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2d, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as [[ProQuest]], [[EBSCO Publishing|EbscoHost]], or [[JSTOR|JStor]] (see the [[list of academic databases and search engines]]) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Digital Object Identifier|DOI]], [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:ISBN|ISBN]], or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. And if the source exists only online, give the link even if access is restricted.
 
=== অনা-ইংৰাজী উৎস ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English sources}}
Because this is the English Wikipedia, English-language sources should be used in preference to non-English language sources of equal caliber and content, though the latter are allowed where appropriate. When [[Direct quotation|quoting]] a source in a different language, please provide both the original-language quotation and an English translation, in the text, in a footnote, or on the talk page as appropriate, so long as the quotation is not so lengthy that it would violate [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:COPYRIGHT|copyright]].
 
=== মাল্টিমেডিয়া ===
Multimedia material should be referenced just like article text. Citations for a media file should appear on its [[Helpসহায়:File page|file page]]. Image [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Caption|captions]] should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. If an [[:Category:Infobox templates|infobox]] or [[Helpসহায়:Table|table]] contains text that needs citing, but the box or table cannot incorporate an inline citation, the citation should appear in a caption or other text that discusses the material. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Alternative text for images|alt text]] that are verifiable directly from the image itself. Material that identifies a source (e.g., the caption "''[[Belshazzar's Feast (Rembrandt)|Belshazzar's Feast]]'' (1635)" for ''[[:File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg]]'') is considered attribution and normally does not need further citation.
 
=== Avoid scrolling lists{{anchor|Scrolling lists}} ===
{{Shortcut|WP:ASL}}
Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a [[scroll box]], should never be used because of issues with readability, [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Accessibility|accessibility]], printing, and [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Mirrors and forks|site mirroring]]. Additionally, it cannot be guaranteed that such lists will display properly in all web browsers. See [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া talkবাৰ্তা:Citing sources/Archive 18#Scrolling Reference Lists: Formal Policy Discussion|this July 2007 discussion]] for more detail.
 
=== সাধাৰণ তথ্যসূত্ৰ ===
A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not displayed as an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They may be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of using general references is that text-source integrity is lost, unless the article is very short. The sourcing policy, [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:V|Verifiability]], requires inline citations for all quotations, and for anything challenged or likely to be challenged.
 
A general reference looks like this in the edit box:
293 নং শাৰী:
<tt>
The Sun is pretty big, but the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.<br /><br />
<span style="color:#666;">&#61;== References ==</span><br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", <nowiki>''Scientific American''</nowiki>, 51(78)'''</span>.<br />
<nowiki>*</nowiki><span style="color:black;">'''Miller, E (2005). <nowiki>''The Sun''</nowiki>, Academic Press'''</span>.</span>
308 নং শাৰী:
</blockquote>
 
=== Embedded links ===
{{see|Wikipedia:Embedded citations}}
Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:Linkrot|linkrot]]. Wikipedia allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this <nowiki>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</nowiki>, which looks like this. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html] This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <code><nowiki><ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref></nowiki></code>.
 
Embedded links should never be used to place [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:EL|external links]] in the body of an article, like this: "[http://apple.com Apple, Inc.] announced their latest product..."
 
=== Further reading/External links ===
{{main|Wikipedia:Manual of Style (layout)#Further reading|Wikipedia:External links}}
"Further reading" or "External links" are used as section headings for books, articles, and websites related to the topic that have not been used as sources.
 
== কেনে তথ্য অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰিব{{anchor|Putting together the citation}} ==
<span id="HOW"></span>
{{shortcut|WP:CITE#HOW|WP:CITEHOW}}
{{anchor|Citation styles}}
=== তথ্যউৎসৰ বিন্যাস আৰু স্থিৰতা ===
{{see also|Citation|APA style|MLA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Author-date referencing|Vancouver system|Bluebook|Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style}}
There are a number of citation styles. See [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/example style|here]] for some examples. They all include the same information, but vary in punctuation and the order of the author's name, publication date, title, and page numbers.
 
=== বিন্যাস পৰিৱৰ্তন ===
{{shortcut|WP:CITEVAR}}
Citations within each Wikipedia article should follow a consistent style. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it. Do not change it merely for personal preference or cosmetic reasons. If you think the existing citation system is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. As with issues of [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:ENGVAR|spelling differences]], '''if there is disagreement about which style is best, defer to the style used by the first major contributor'''. If you are the first major contributor to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article.
 
;To be avoided
* Switching between major citation styles, e.g., switching between [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:PAREN|parenthetical]] and [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:FOOT|<nowiki><ref></nowiki> tags]] or between the style preferred by one academic discipline vs. another;
* Adding [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation templates|citation templates]] to an article that already uses one of the other citation formats listed in this guideline;
* Changing the section heading to or from ==References==, ==Notes==, etc.
 
;Generally considered helpful
* Replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it provides more information to the reader and fights [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:Linkrot|linkrot]];
* Replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more information to the reader and helps maintain text-source integrity;
* Imposing one style on an article with incompatible citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the formatting consistent.
 
=== উদাহৰণ ===
==== কিতাপ ====
Citations for books typically include:
* লেখক(সকলৰ) নাম
350 নং শাৰী:
* প্ৰকাশ হোৱা বছৰটো
* chapter or page number(s) where appropriate
* [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:ISBN|ISBN]] য'ত উপলব্ধ হয়
 
:Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include:
357 নং শাৰী:
:* কিতাপৰ সম্পাদকৰ নাম
:* কিতাপখনৰ নাম আৰু ওপৰত দিয়া বিতং তথ্য
:* the chapter number or page numbers for the chapter are optional
 
==== আলোচনীৰ প্ৰবন্ধ ====
Citations for journal articles typically include:
* লেখক(সকলৰ) নাম
366 নং শাৰী:
* আলোচনীৰ নাম হেলনীয়াকৈ
* volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)
* [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:DOI|DOI]] and/or other [[List_of_academic_databases_and_search_enginesList of academic databases and search engines|identifiers]] where available
 
==== বাতৰিকাকতৰ প্ৰবন্ধ ====
Citations for newspaper articles typically include:
* বাতৰিকাকতৰ নাম হেলনীয়াকৈ
377 নং শাৰী:
* page number(s) are optional
 
==== ৱেবপৃষ্ঠা ====
Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include:
* লেখক(সকলৰ) নাম
386 নং শাৰী:
* the date you retrieved it (required if the publication date is unknown)
 
==== চাউণ্ড ৰেকৰ্ডিং ====
Citations for sound recordings typically include:
* name of the composer(s)/songwriter(s)/script writer(s)
397 নং শাৰী:
* approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
 
==== চলচিত্ৰ, দূৰদৰ্শন অথবা ভিডিঅ' ৰেকৰ্ডিং ====
Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include:
* পৰিচালকৰ নাম
409 নং শাৰী:
* approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate
 
=== উৎস একোটাৰ অংশবোৰ চিনাক্তকৰণ ===
{{shortcut|WP:Page numbers}}
When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited.
 
==== কিতাপ আৰু ছপা প্ৰবন্ধ ====
Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions.
 
==== শ্ৰৱণ আৰু দৃশ্যণ উৎস ====
Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise.
 
=== Links and ID numbers ===
A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (webpage) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL and the title in square brackets—the URL first, then a space, then the title. For example:
<blockquote><code><nowiki>Carr A, Ory D (2006). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030496 Does HIV cause cardiovascular disease?] ''PLoS Medicine'', 3(11):e496.</nowiki></code></blockquote>
426 নং শাৰী:
You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an [[ISBN]] for a book, a [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] (Digital Object Identifier) for an article, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on [[PubMed]]. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) following by a space followed by the ID number.
 
If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verifiability#Reliable sources|reliable]]): providing an [[ISBN]] or [[OCLC]] number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:COPYVIO|briefly]] and in context.
 
==== Linking to Google Books pages ====
{{shortcut|WP:PAGELINK|WP:PAGELINKS}}
{{see|Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 29#Linking to Google Books pages}}
[[Google Books]] allows book pages to be linked to directly, where the book is available for preview. These can be written in a number of ways, with or without citation templates:
 
:* Rawls, John. [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.
:* [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 Rawls 1971, p. 18].
:* [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 Rawls 1971], p. 18.
:* Rawls 1971, [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 p. 18].
 
In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' looks like this:
 
* <nowiki>Rawls, John. [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.</nowiki>
 
When the page number is a [[Roman numeral]], commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this:
 
* <nowiki>http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17</nowiki>—for [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17 page xvii] of the same book.
 
Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them, they should not be removed; see the [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া talkবাৰ্তা:Citing sources/Archive 29#Linking to Google Books pages|October 2010 RfC]] for further information.
 
==== সুবিধাজনক সংযোগ ====
{{main|Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking to copyrighted works}}
A ''convenience link'' is a link to a copy of your source on a webpage provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original publisher's copyright. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Neutral point of view]] and [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verifiability]].
 
== Citation templates and tools ==
{{shortcut|WP:CITECONSENSUS}}
{{see|Wikipedia:Citation templates|Wikipedia:Citation tools}}
:''For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods#Footnotes|Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]].''
 
[[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation templates|Citation templates]] are used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. '''Because templates can be contentious, editors should not change an article with a distinctive citation format to another without gaining consensus.''' Where no agreement can be reached, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.
 
=== মেটাডাটা ===
Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the [[COinS]] microformat. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span, according to the [http://ocoins.info/ COinS specification]; or the templates [[Templateসাঁচ:Citation metadata]] or [[Templateসাঁচ:COinS]] can be used.
 
=== Citation processing tools ===
* [[Templateসাঁচ:Citation/core]] – a core template used by other citation templates
* [[Userসদস্য:Citation bot]] (formerly DOI bot) – a bot that automatically fixes common errors in individual citations, and adds missing fields
* [[Userসদস্য:CitationTool]] – a tool for finding article-level citation errors and fixing them. Not currently functional.
* [http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] adds titles to bare references and other cleanup
 
=== Programming tools ===
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Wikicite|Wikicite]] is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Wikipedia contributions using [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:citation templates|citation templates]]. It is written in [[Visual Basic .NET]], making it suitable only for users with the [[.NET Framework]] installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the [[Mono (software)|Mono]] alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available; see the [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Wikicite|developer's page]] for further details.
** [[Userসদস্য:Nacimota/Wikicite+|Wikicite+]] is a program based on the original [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Wikicite|Wikicite]] source code. It features extra validation, bug fixes, additional cite templates (such as cite episode) as well as tools for stub sorting and more. It is also available for free under the Apache License 2.0 and is open source.
* [[Userসদস্য:Richiez]] has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time. Converts occurrences of <nowiki>{{pmid XXXX}}</nowiki> or <nowiki>{{isbn XXXX}}</nowiki> to properly formatted footnote or Harvard-style references. Written in [[Ruby (programming language)|ruby]] and requires a working installation with basic libraries.
* [http://lindenb.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/src/xsl/pubmed2wiki.xsl pubmed2wiki.xsl] an [[Extensible Stylesheet Language|XSL]] stylesheet transforming the XML output of [[PubMed]] to Wikipedia refs.
* [http://reftag.appspot.com/ RefTag] by [[userসদস্য talkবাৰ্তা:Apoc2400#Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books|Apoc2400]] creates a prefilled {{tl|cite book}} template with various options from a Google Books URL. The page provides a bookmarklet for single-click transfer.
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/wikiciter/ wikiciter] web interface, does google books, pdf files, beta.
 
=== Citation export tools ===
You can insert a link beside each citation in Wikipedia, allowing you to export the citation to a reference manager, such as [[EndNote]]. Just copy this code:
<sourcesyntaxhighlight lang="javascript">
importScript("User:Smith609/endnote.js");
</syntaxhighlight>
</source>
to the end of [[Specialবিশেষ:MyPage/monobook.js]]. Then, '''save the page and [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Bypass your cache|bypass your browser's cache]]'''.
 
== Preventing and repairing dead links{{anchor|Dead links}} ==
{{see also|Wikipedia:Link rot}}
{{Shortcut|WP:DEADREF}}
To help prevent [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Dead external links|dead links]], persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Wikipedia, have [[permalink]]s that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider archiving the referenced document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as [[WebCite]] (http://www.webcitation.org) are fairly easy to use (see [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/Further considerations#Pre-emptive archiving|pre-emptive archiving]]).
 
Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working today. Follow these steps when you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content:
 
# '''Confirm status''': First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged.
# '''Check for web archives''': Several archive services exist; add one of these URLs if available:
#* The [[Internet Archive]] and [[WebCite]] have billions of archived webpages. See [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Using the Wayback Machine]] and [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Using WebCite]].
#* The UK Government Web Archive (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/) preserves 1500 UK central government websites. <div style="margin-left:-1.4em;">''Note:'' Most archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with <code>{{Tlx|dead link|date{{=}}{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}</code>, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead.</div>
# '''Remove convenience links''': If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the URL is not necessary. Simply remove it.
# '''Find a replacement source''': Search the web for quoted text or the article title. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.
# '''Remove hopelessly lost web-only sources''': If the source material does not exist offline, ''and'' if there is no archived version of the webpage (be sure to wait ~24 months), ''and'' if you are unable to find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverifiable. If it is material that is [[WPৱিকিপিডিয়া:MINREF|specifically required by policy to have an inline citation]], then please consider tagging it with {{tlx|citation needed}}. It may be helpful to future editors if you move the citation to the talk page with an explanation.
 
== আৰু চাওঁক ==
{{commonscat|Citation needed}}
;How to cite
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Verification methods]] – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/example style]] – listing examples of [[#HOW|full citations]] using APA and Harvard referencing techniques.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods]] – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citing sources/Further considerations]] – information of additional interest.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation templates]] – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:External links]] – for information about the ''External links'' appendix
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Improving referencing efforts]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Inline citation]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Layout#Further reading]] – for information about the ''Further reading'' appendix
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:List of sources]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Referencing for beginners]] – a simple practical guide to getting started.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Scientific citation guidelines]] – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles.
 
;Citation problems
* [[:Template:Citations missing]] – template to add where citations are needed
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:A suggested improvement 0001]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Linkrot]] – guide to preventing [[link rot]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation needed]] – explanation of ''citation needed'' template
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Copyright problems]] – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately.
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:WikiProject Citation cleanup]] – a group of people devoted to cleaning citations
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Bombardment]] – an essay regarding the overuse of citations
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Citation overkill]] – why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:Video links]] – an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue]]
* [[Wikipediaৱিকিপিডিয়া:You do need to cite that the sky is blue]]
''Other''
* [[Comparison of reference management software]] – side-by-side comparison of various [[Reference management software]]
</div>
 
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
== তথ্যউৎস ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). [http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html Citation and Style Guides].
* Ritter, R. (2002). ''The Oxford Style Manual''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 01986056410-19-860564-1
* The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070206163440/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm "Citation Styles Handbook: APA"], University of Illinois.
* The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. [http://web.archive.org/web/20070208034206/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/mla/mla.htm "Citation Styles Handbook: MLA"], University of Illinois.
542 নং শাৰী:
{{Refend}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* [http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/practical_guide.shtml A writer's practical guide to MLA documentation]
554 নং শাৰী:
{{Refend}}
 
[[Categoryশ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া কেনেকৈ কৰিব|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoryশ্ৰেণী:সাধাৰণ শৈলী নিৰ্দেশনা]]
[[Categoryশ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সত্যাপনযোগ্যতা]]
[[শ্ৰেণী:ৱিকিপিডিয়া সমল নীতি]]
"https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উৎসৰ_উল্লেখ"ৰ পৰা অনা হৈছে