ভূপাল দুৰ্ঘটনা: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

{{সম্পাদনা দ্বন্দদ্বন্দ্ব}}

| title = ভূপাল দুৰ্ঘটনা

| image_name = Bhopal-Union Carbide 1 crop memorial.jpg

| image_size = 225px

| caption = বিষাক্ত গেছৰ বাবে মৃত্যুবৰণ কৰা আৰু ঘূণীয়া সকলৰ স্মৃতিত ওলন্দাজ শিল্পী ৰুথ কুফাৰস্কিমিডিটে নিৰ্মাণ কৰা স্মৃতিসৌধ

| date = {{start date|1984|12|02|df=y}} – {{end date|1984|12|03|df=y}}

| time =

| place = ভূপাল, মধ্যপ্ৰদেশ, ভাৰত

| coordinates = {{Coord|23|16|51|N|77|24|38|E|region:IN-MP_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}

| আৰু জনা যায় = ভূপালত গেছৰ শোকাৱহ ঘটনা

| কাৰণ = ইউনিয়ন কাৰ্বাইড ইণ্ডিয়া লিমিটেড কাৰখানাত হোৱা মিথাইল আইছ'চায়ানেট গেছৰ

| reported deaths = অতি কমেও ৩,৭৮৭;প্ৰায় ১৬,০০০ জনৰ হৈ দাবী

| reported injuries = অতি কমেও ৫,৫৮,১২৫

| reported missing =

| burial =

| inquiries =

| inquest =

| coroner =

| suspects =

| accused =

| convicted =

| charges =

| verdict =

| convictions =

| litigation =

১৯৮৪ চনৰ ২ আৰু ৩ ডিচেম্বৰত সংঘটিত এই দুৰ্ঘটনাটোক "ভূপাল দুৰ্ঘটনা" বা " ভূপালত গেছৰ শোকাৱহ ঘটনা" হিচাপে আখ্যা দিয়া হয়। ভাৰতৰ মধ্যপ্ৰদেশৰ ভূপালস্হিতভূপালস্থিত ইউনিয়ন কাৰ্বাইড ইণ্ডিয়া লিমিটেড (বৰ্তমানে এভাৰেডি ইণ্ডান্ট্ৰিজইণ্ডাণ্ট্ৰিজ লিমিটেড) নামৰ এটি কীটনাশক কাৰখানাত দুৰ্ঘটনাবশত বহুলমাত্ৰাত হোৱা মিথাইল আইছ'চায়ানেট নামৰ বিষাক্ত গেছৰ নিৰ্গমনে ইয়াৰ সমীপৱৰ্তী এক বৃহৎ অঞ্চলত এই বিপৰ্যয়ৰ সূচনা কৰিছিল। প্ৰায় ৫ লক্ষাধিক লোক পীড়িত হোৱা এই দুৰ্ঘটনাটোক অনেকে ইতিহাসৰ আটাইতকৈ কৰুণ শিল্প বিপৰ্যয় হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰিছে।

Estimates vary on the death toll. The official immediate death toll was 2,259. In 2008, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] had paid compensation to the family members of 3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.<ref name="rehabilitation1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mp.gov.in/bgtrrdmp/relief.htm |title=Madhya Pradesh Government : Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, Bhopal |publisher=Mp.gov.in |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518020821/http://www.mp.gov.in/bgtrrdmp/relief.htm |archivedate=18 May 2012 }}</ref> A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.<ref name="first3">{{cite news |url=http://www.first14.com/bhopal-gas-tragedy-92-injuries-termed-minor-822.html |title=Bhopal Gas Tragedy: 92% injuries termed "minor" |accessdate=26 June 2010 |newspaper=First14 News |date=21 June 2010 |author=AK Dubey |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624104141/http://www.first14.com/bhopal-gas-tragedy-92-injuries-termed-minor-822.html |archivedate=24 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related diseases.<ref name="Eckerman2005"/> The cause of the disaster remains under debate. The Indian government and local activists argue that slack management and deferred maintenance created a situation where routine pipe maintenance caused a backflow of water into a MIC tank, triggering the disaster. [[Union Carbide Corporation]] (UCC) argues water entered the tank through an act of sabotage.

The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Sevin (UCC's brand name for [[carbaryl]]) using [[methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate (MIC)]] as an intermediate.<ref name="Eckerman2005">{{cite book |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |title=The Bhopal Saga—Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0FqO8XKy9NRZDNzTkZQeVJQbE0/edit?pli=1 |year=2005 |publisher=Universities Press |location=India |isbn=978-81-7371-515-0 |doi=10.13140/2.1.3457.5364}}</ref> An MIC production plant was added to the UCIL site in 1979.<ref name="UCCmanual1976">{{cite book |title=Methyl isocyanate |year=1976 |publisher=Union Carbide Corporation |location=New York}} F-41443A-7/76</ref><ref name="UCCmanual1978">{{cite book |title=Carbon monoxide, Phosgene and Methyl isocyanate. Unit Safety Procedures Manual |publisher=Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division |year=1978 |location=Bhopal}}</ref><ref name="UCCmanual1979">{{cite book |title=Operating Manual Part-II. Methyl Isocyanate Unit |authors=Behl VK, Agarwal VN, Choudhary SP, Khanna S |location=Bhopal |publisher=Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division |year=1979}}</ref> The chemical process employed in the Bhopal plant had [[methylamine]] reacting with [[phosgene]] to form MIC, which was then reacted with [[1-naphthol]] to form the final product, carbaryl. Another manufacturer, Bayer, also used this MIC-intermediate process at the chemical plant once owned by UCC at [[Institute, West Virginia]], in the United States.<ref name="Kovel">Kovel (2002).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201103181523|title=Bayer gives up fight to restart Institute MIC unit|author=Ward, Ken Jr.|date=18 March 2011|work=The Charleston Gazette|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref>

In 1976, two local trade unions complained of pollution within the plant.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref name="Eckerman2006">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ttl.fi/en/publications/electronic_journals/asian_pacific_newsletter/archives/Documents/asian_pacific_newsletter2_2006.pdf |title=The Bhopal Disaster 1984&nbsp;– working conditions and the role of the trade unions |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |journal=Asian Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety |year=2006 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021643/http://www.ttl.fi/en/publications/electronic_journals/asian_pacific_newsletter/archives/Documents/asian_pacific_newsletter2_2006.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref> In 1981, a worker was accidentally splashed with [[phosgene]] as he was carrying out a maintenance job of the plant's pipes. In a panic, he removed his [[gas mask]] and inhaled a large amount of toxic phosgene gas, leading to his demise 72 hours later.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref name="Eckerman2006" /> Following these events, journalist [[Rajkumar Keswani]] began investigating and published his findings in Bhopal's local paper ''Rapat,'' in which he urged "Wake up, people of Bhopal, you are on the edge of a volcano."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/11/world/indian-journalist-offered-warning.html|title=INDIAN JOURNALIST OFFERED WARNING|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|access-date=2 October 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=How to be really well informed in minutes|last=The Week|publisher=Ebury Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-09194-706-4|location=Croydon|pages=222–225}}</ref>

By early December 1984, most of the plant's MIC related safety systems were malfunctioning and many valves and lines were in poor condition. In addition, several [[Scrubber|vent gas scrubbers]] had been out of service as well as the steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /> During the late evening hours of 2 December 1984, water was believed to have entered a side pipe and into Tank E610 whilst trying to unclog it, which contained 42 tons of MIC that had been there since late October.<ref name="Eckerman2005" />

The introduction of water into the tank subsequently resulted in a [[Thermal runaway|runaway]] [[exothermic reaction]], which was accelerated by contaminants, high ambient temperatures and various other factors, such as the presence of iron from corroding non-stainless steel pipelines.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /> The pressure in tank E610, although initially nominal at 2 psi at 10:30&nbsp;p.m., it had reached 10 psi by 11 p.m. Two different senior refinery employees assumed the reading was instrumentation malfunction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/30/world/the-disaster-in-bhopal-workers-recall-horror.html|title=THE DISASTER IN BHOPAL: WORKERS RECALL HORROR|last=Times|first=Stuart Diamond, Special To The New York|date=30 January 1985|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> By 11:30&nbsp;p.m., workers in the MIC area were feeling the effects of minor exposure to MIC gas, and began to look for a leak. One was found by 11:45&nbsp;p.m., and reported to the MIC supervisor on duty at the time. The decision was made to address the problem after a 12:15&nbsp;a.m. tea break, and in the meantime, employees were instructed to continue looking for leaks. The incident was discussed by MIC area employees during the break.<ref name=":0" />

In the five minutes after the tea break ended at 12:40&nbsp;a.m., the reaction in tank E610 reached a critical state at an alarming speed. Temperatures in the tank were off the scale, maxed out beyond {{convert|25|°C|°F}}, and the pressure in the tank was indicated at 40 psi (275.8&nbsp;kPa). One employee witnessed a concrete slab above tank E610 crack as the emergency relief valve burst open, and pressure in the tank continued to increase to 55 psi (379.2&nbsp;kPa); this despite the fact that atmospheric venting of toxic MIC gas had already begun.<ref name=":0" /> Direct atmospheric venting should have been prevented or at least partially mitigated by at least three safety devices which were malfunctioning, not in use, insufficiently sized or otherwise rendered inoperable:<ref>{{Citation|last=Patrick McClelland|title=BBC One Night In Bhopal 2004 TVRip d0x|date=31 December 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJg19W8x_Ls|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhopal.net/what-happened/that-night-december-3-1984/what-triggered-the-disaster/|title=What Triggered the Disaster? {{!}} International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal|website=bhopal.net|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

| url = https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2006/11/bhopal-evasion}}</ref> It sought damages for personal injury, medical monitoring and injunctive relief in the form of clean-up of the drinking water supplies for residential areas near the Bhopal plant. The lawsuit was dismissed in 2012 and the subsequent appeal was denied.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earthrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/District-Court-June-2012-dismissal-of-Sahu-I.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030030142/http://www.earthrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/District-Court-June-2012-dismissal-of-Sahu-I.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Former [[Warren Anderson (American businessman)|UCC CEO Anderson]], then 92 years old, died on 29 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/31/business/w-m-anderson-92-dies-led-union-carbide-in-80s-.html|title=Warren Anderson, 92, Dies; Faced India Plant Disaster|first=Douglas|last=Martin|publisher=New York Times|date=30 October 2014|accessdate=8 August 2017|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>

Underinvestment is cited as contributing to an environment. In attempts to reduce expenses, $1.25 million of cuts were placed upon the plant which affected the factory's employees and their conditions.<ref name=":8" /> Kurzman argues that "cuts&nbsp;... meant less stringent quality control and thus looser safety rules. A pipe leaked? Don't replace it, employees said they were told&nbsp;... MIC workers needed more training? They could do with less. Promotions were halted, seriously affecting employee morale and driving some of the most skilled&nbsp;... elsewhere".<ref name="Kurzman1987">Kurzman (1987).</ref> Workers were forced to use English manuals, even though only a few had a grasp of the language.<ref name="Chouhan">{{cite book |author=Chouhan TR |origyear=1994|year=2004 |title=Bhopal: the Inside Story — Carbide Workers Speak Out on the World's Worst Industrial Disaster. |location=US and India |publisher=The Apex Press and Other India Press |id= and |display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1-891843-30-3}}</ref><ref name="Cassels">Cassels (1983).</ref>

In addition, some observers, such as those writing in the Trade Environmental Database (TED) Case Studies as part of the Mandala Project from [[American University]], have pointed to "serious communication problems and management gaps between Union Carbide and its Indian operation", characterised by "the parent {{sic|companies}} hands-off approach to its overseas operation" and "cross-cultural barriers".<ref name="TED">Mandala Project (1996), Trade Environmental Database (TED) Case Study 233. Volume 5, Number 1, January 1996 {{cite web |url=http://www1.american.edu/TED/bhopal.htm |title=American University, Washington, D.C |accessdate=6 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101080203/http://www1.american.edu/TED/bhopal.htm |archivedate=1 November 2015 }}</ref>

Safety audits were done every year in the US and European UCC plants, but only every two years in other parts of the world.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref name="varadarajan1985" /> Before a "Business Confidential" safety audit by UCC in May 1982, the senior officials of the corporation were well aware of "a total of 61 hazards, 30 of them major and 11 minor in the dangerous phosgene/methyl isocyanate units" in Bhopal.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Bhopal Gas Tragedy 1984- ? A report from the Sambhavna Trust, Bhopal, India |year=1998 |publisher=Bhopal People's Health and Documentation clinic}}</ref> In the audit 1982, it was indicated that worker performance was below standards.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref name="tradeunion1985" /> Ten major concerns were listed.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /> UCIL prepared an action plan, but UCC never sent a follow-up team to Bhopal. Many of the items in the 1982 report were temporarily fixed, but by 1984, conditions had again deteriorated.<ref name="tradeunion1985" /> In September 1984, an internal UCC report on the West Virginia plant in the USA revealed a number of defects and malfunctions. It warned that "a runaway reaction could occur in the MIC unit storage tanks, and that the planned response would not be timely or effective enough to prevent catastrophic failure of the tanks". This report was never forwarded to the Bhopal plant, although the main design was the same.<ref name="Lapierre">{{cite book |title=It Was Five Past Midnight in Bhopal |authors=Lapierre D, Moro J |year=2001 |publisher=Full Circle Publishing |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

Now owned by [[Dow Chemical Company]], Union Carbide maintains a website dedicated to the tragedy and claims that the incident was the result of sabotage, stating that sufficient safety systems were in place and operative to prevent the intrusion of water.<ref name="ucs">{{cite web |title=Statement of Union Carbide Corporation Regarding the Bhopal Tragedy |url=http://www.bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements |publisher=Bhopal Information Center |accessdate=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904032258/http://www.bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements |archivedate=4 September 2012 }}</ref>

The Union Carbide-commissioned Arthur D. Little report concluded that it was likely that a single employee secretly and deliberately introduced a large amount of water into the MIC tank by removing a meter and connecting a water hose directly to the tank through the metering port.<ref name="Kalelkar1988">{{cite book |title=Investigation of Large-magnitude Incidents: Bhopal as a Case Study |url=http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/research.php?action=getfile&id=180633 |vauthors=Kalelkar AS, Little AD |year=1988 |location=London |publisher=Presented at the Institution of Chemical Engineers conference on preventing major chemical accidents. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044210/http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/research.php?action=getfile&id=180633 |archivedate=8 December 2015 }}</ref>

UCC claims the plant staff falsified numerous records to distance themselves from the incident and absolve themselves of blame, and that the Indian government impeded its investigation and declined to prosecute the employee responsible, presumably because it would weaken its allegations of negligence by Union Carbide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhopal.com/faq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |date=November 2009 |work=Bhopal Information Center |publisher=Union Carbide Corporation |accessdate=4 April 2010 |quote=The Indian authorities are well aware of the identity of the employee [who sabotaged the plant] and the nature of the evidence against him. Indian authorities refused to pursue this individual because they, as litigants, were not interested in proving that anyone other than Union Carbide was to blame for the tragedy. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408133152/http://www.bhopal.com/faq.htm |archivedate=8 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The corporation denied the claim that the valves on the tank were malfunctioning, and claimed that the documented evidence gathered after the incident showed that the valve close to the plant's water-washing operation was closed and was leak-tight. Furthermore, process safety systems had prevented water from entering the tank by accident. Carbide states that the safety concerns identified in 1982 were all allayed before 1984 and had nothing to do with the incident.<ref name="faq">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhopal.com/faq.htm |publisher=Bhopal Information Center, UCC |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408133152/http://www.bhopal.com/faq.htm |archivedate=8 April 2010 }}</ref>

In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, Union Carbide states on its website that it put $2 million into the Indian prime minister's immediate disaster relief fund on 11 December 1984.<ref name="faq" /> The corporation established the Employees' Bhopal Relief Fund in February 1985, which raised more than {{Nowrap|$5 million}} for immediate relief.<ref name="chrono">{{cite web|publisher=Bhopal Information Center, UCC |title=Chronology |accessdate=30 August 2012 |url=http://www.bhopal.com/chrono.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010924010814/http://www.bhopal.com/chrono.htm |archivedate=24 September 2001 }}</ref> According to Union Carbide, in August 1987, they made an additional {{Nowrap|$4.6 million}} in humanitarian interim relief available.<ref name="chrono" />

Union Carbide stated that it also undertook several steps to provide continuing aid to the victims of the Bhopal disaster. The sale of its 50.9 percent interest in UCIL in April 1992 and establishment of a charitable trust to contribute to the building of a local hospital. The sale was finalised in November 1994. The hospital was begun in October 1995 and was opened in 2001. The company provided a fund with around {{Nowrap|$90 million}} from sale of its UCIL stock. In 1991, the trust had amounted approximately {{Nowrap|$100 million}}. The hospital catered for the treatment of heart, lung and eye problems.<ref name="ucs" /> UCC also provided a $2.2 million grant to [[Arizona State University]] to establish a vocational-technical center in Bhopal, which was opened, but was later closed by the state government.<ref name="irs">{{cite web |url=http://www.bhopal.com/irs.htm |publisher=Bhopal Information Center, UCC |title=Incident Response and Settlement |accessdate=30 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103235052/http://www.bhopal.com/irs.htm |archivedate=3 January 2011 }}</ref> They also donated $5 million to the [[Indian Red Cross]] after the disaster.<ref name="irs" /> They also developed a [[Responsible Care]] system with other members of the chemical industry as a response to the Bhopal crisis, which was designed to help prevent such an event in the future.<ref name="chrono" />

Soil tests were conducted by Greenpeace in 1999. One sample (IT9012) from "sediment collected from drain under former Sevin plant" showed mercury levels to be at "20,000 and {{Nowrap|6 million}} times" higher than expected levels. Organochlorine compounds at elevated levels were also present in groundwater collected from (sample IT9040) a 4.4 meter depth "bore-hole within the former UCIL site". This sample was obtained from a source posted with a warning sign which read "Water unfit for consumption".<ref>{{cite book |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Environmental%20Health/Greenpeace%20Bhopal%20Report.pdf |author1=Labunska I |author2=Stephenson A |author3=Brigden K |author4=Stringer R |author5=Santillo D |author6=Johnston P.A. |year=1999 |title=The Bhopal Legacy. Toxic contaminants at the former Union Carbide factory site, Bhopal, India: 15 years after the Bhopal accident |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121733/http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Environmental%20Health/Greenpeace%20Bhopal%20Report.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2008 }}Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter UK</ref>

Jude Finisterra was actually [[Jacque Servin|Andy Bichlbaum]], a member of the activist prankster group [[The Yes Men]]. In 2002, The Yes Men issued a fake press release explaining why Dow refused to take responsibility for the disaster and started up a website, at "DowEthics.com", designed to look like the real Dow website, but containing hoax information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theyesmen.org/hijinks/dow/ |title=The Yes Men |publisher=The Yes Men |date=12 May 2005 |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810225225/http://theyesmen.org/hijinks/dow |archivedate=10 August 2012 }}</ref>

The [[2012 Stratfor email leak|release of an email cache]] related to intelligence research organisation [[Stratfor]] was leaked by [[WikiLeaks]] on 27 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/date/2011.html |title=Wikileaks GI release 2011 |publisher=Wikileaks |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827105410/https://www.wikileaks.org/gifiles/date/2011.html |archivedate=27 August 2012 }}</ref> It revealed that Dow Chemical had engaged Stratfor to spy on the public and personal lives of activists involved in the Bhopal disaster, including the [[Yes Men]]. E-mails to Dow representatives from hired security analysts list the [[YouTube]] videos liked, Twitter and Facebook posts made and the public appearances of these activists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/407784_dow-confidential-bhopal-monitoring-report-friday-november-18.html |title=An example email report |publisher=Wikileaks |accessdate=28 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827105932/http://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/407784_dow-confidential-bhopal-monitoring-report-friday-november-18.html |archivedate=27 August 2012 }}</ref> Journalists, film-makers and authors who were investigating Bhopal and covering the issue of ongoing contamination, such as Jack Laurenson and Max Carlson, were also placed under surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.wikileaks.org/gifiles/attach/33/33827_Social%20media%2002-23-11%20BMA%20-%20FB.pdf|title=Wikileaks Stratfor Surveillance|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/39/391344_bhopal-update-03-31-11-media-.html|title=The Global Intelligence Files - Bhopal update - 03-31-11 Media|website=wikileaks.org|language=en|access-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> Stratfor released a statement condemning the revelation by Wikileaks while neither confirming nor denying the accuracy of the reports, and would only state that it had acted within the bounds of the law. Dow Chemical also refrained to comment on the matter.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WSJ India Real Time |title=WikiLeaks: Dow Monitored Bhopal Activists |date=29 February 2012 |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/02/29/wikileaks-dow-monitored-bhopal-activists/|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

* {{cite book |vauthors=Chouhan TR |origyear=1994|year=2004 |title=Bhopal: the Inside Story – Carbide Workers Speak Out on the World's Worst Industrial Disaster. |location=US and India |publisher=The Apex Press and Other India Press |id= and |display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1-891843-30-3}} Main author Chouhan was an operator at the plant. Contains many technical details.

* {{cite journal |vauthors=Dhara VR, Gassert TH |date=September 2005 |title=The Bhopal gas tragedy: Evidence for cyanide poisoning not convincing |journal=Current Science |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=923–25 |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20&%20critique/Current%20Science%20critique%20Gassert%20Dhara%20&%20Sriramachari%20response.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121741/http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20%26%20critique/Current%20Science%20critique%20Gassert%20Dhara%20%26%20Sriramachari%20response.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 October 2008 }}

* {{cite journal |url=http://www.ttl.fi/en/publications/electronic_journals/asian_pacific_newsletter/archives/Documents/asian_pacific_newsletter2_2006.pdf |title=The Bhopal Disaster 1984&nbsp;– working conditions and the role of the trade unions |vauthors=Eckerman I |journal=Asian Pacific Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety |year=2006 |volume=13 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021643/http://www.ttl.fi/en/publications/electronic_journals/asian_pacific_newsletter/archives/Documents/asian_pacific_newsletter2_2006.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}

* {{cite journal |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20&%20critique/Current%20Science%20critique%20Gassert%20Dhara%20&%20Sriramachari%20response.pdf |title=Debate on cyanide poisoning in Bhopal victims |journal=Current Science |date=September 2005 |vauthors=Gassert TH, Dhara VR |volume=89 |issue=6 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121741/http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20%26%20critique/Current%20Science%20critique%20Gassert%20Dhara%20%26%20Sriramachari%20response.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2008 }}

* {{cite book |url=http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/documents/1988ArthurD.Littlereport.pdf |vauthors=Kalelkar AS, Little AD |year=1998 |title=Investigation of Large-magnitude incidents: Bhopal as a Case Study. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121735/http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/documents/1988ArthurD.Littlereport.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2008 }} London: The Institution of Chemical Engineers Conference on Preventing Major Chemical Accidents

* {{cite book |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Environmental%20Health/Greenpeace%20Bhopal%20Report.pdf |vauthors=Labunska I, Stephenson A, Brigden K, Stringer R, Santillo D, Johnston PA |year=1999 |title=The Bhopal Legacy. Toxic contaminants at the former Union Carbide factory site, Bhopal, India: 15 years after the Bhopal accident |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121733/http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Environmental%20Health/Greenpeace%20Bhopal%20Report.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2008 }}Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, [[University of Exeter]], Exeter UK

* {{cite journal |url=http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20&%20critique/Curr%20Science%20Bhopal%20article%20Sriramachari.pdf |vauthors=Sriramachari S |title=The Bhopal gas tragedy: An environmental disaster |journal=[[Current Science]] |year=2004 |volume=86 |pages=905–20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030121736/http://webdrive.service.emory.edu/users/vdhara/www.BhopalPublications/Toxicology/Current%20Science%20article%20%26%20critique/Curr%20Science%20Bhopal%20article%20Sriramachari.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2008 }}