উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

| name = উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ (Hypertension)

| image = Grade 1 hypertension.jpg

| caption = উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা এটা স্নয়ংক্ৰিয় [[স্ফিগ্‌ম'মেন'মিটাৰ|ৰক্তচাপ যন্ত্ৰ]] ([[চিষ্ট'লিক ধমনী চাপ]] 158 mmHg, [[ডায়েষ্ট'লিক ধমনী চাপ]] 99 mmHg আৰু [[হৃদ কম্পন]] মিনিটত ৮০ বাৰ। )

| synonyms = ধমনীৰ উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ

| symptoms = নাই<ref name=CDC2015/>

| onset =

| duration =

| causes = সাধৰণতে জীৱনশৈলী আৰু জিনীয় কাৰক<ref name=Lancet2015/><ref name="pmid10645931"/>

| risks =

| diagnosis = বিশ্ৰাম অৱস্থাত ৰক্তচাপ >&nbsp;১৪০/৯০&nbsp;mmHg<ref name=Lancet2015/>

| differential =

| prevention =

| treatment = জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তন, ঔষধ<ref name=NIH2015Tx/>

| medication =

| prognosis =

| frequency = বিশ্বজুৰি ১৬-৩৭%<ref name=Lancet2015/>

| deaths = ৯.৪ নিযুত / ১৮% (২০১০)<ref name=Camp2015/>

ৰক্তচাপক দুটা জোখেৰে বৰ্ণোৱা হয়- চিষ্ট'লিক আৰু ডায়েষ্ট'লিক চাপ। [[হৃদ চক্ৰ]] (cardiac cycle)ত এই দুটা ক্ৰমে সৰ্বোচ্চ আৰু সৰ্বনিম্ন চাপ।<ref name=CDC2015/> বিশ্ৰাম অৱস্থাত শৰীৰৰ ৰক্তচাপ ১০০-১৪০ মিলিমিটাৰ পাৰা (চিষ্ট'লিক) আৰু ৬০-৯০ মিলিমিটাৰ পাৰা (ডায়েষ্ট'লিক)।<ref name="EU2013">{{cite journal|last = Giuseppe|first = Mancia|title = 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)|journal = European Heart Journal|date = July 2013|volume = 34|issue = 28|pages = 2159–219|pmid = 23771844|doi = 10.1093/eurheartj/eht151|first2 = R|last3 = Narkiewicz|first3 = K|last4 = Redon|first4 = J|last5 = Zanchetti|first5 = A|last6 = Bohm|first6 = M|last7 = Christiaens|first7 = T|last8 = Cifkova|first8 = R|last9 = De Backer|first9 = G|last10 = Dominiczak|first10 = A|last11 = Galderisi|first11 = M|last12 = Grobbee|first12 = DE|last13 = Jaarsma|first13 = T|last14 = Kirchhof|first14 = P|last15 = Kjeldsen|first15 = SE|last16 = Laurent|first16 = S|last17 = Manolis|first17 = AJ|last18 = Nilsson|first18 = PM|last19 = Ruilope|first19 = LM|last20 = Schmieder|first20 = RE|last21 = Sirnes|first21 = PA|last22 = Sleight|first22 = P|last23 = Viigimaa|first23 = M|last24 = Waeber|first24 = B|last25 = Zannad|first25 = F|last26 = Redon|first26 = J|last27 = Dominiczak|first27 = A|last28 = Narkiewicz|first28 = K|last29 = Nilsson|first29 = PM|last30 = Burnier|first30 = M|last2 = Fagard|display-authors = 29}}</ref> প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্কৰ বাবে ৰক্তচাপ অনবৰতে ১৪০/৯০ mmHgৰ বেছি থাকিলে উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ বোলে।<ref name=Lancet2015/> শিশুৰ বাবে এই সংখ্যা ভিন্ন।<ref name=JNC8>{{Cite journal |last1 = James|first1 = PA.|last2 = Oparil|first2 = S.|last3 = Carter|first3 = BL.|last4 = Cushman|first4 = WC.|last5 = Dennison-Himmelfarb|first5 = C.|last6 = Handler|first6 = J.|last7 = Lackland|first7 = DT.|last8 = Lefevre|first8 = ML.|last9 = Mackenzie|first9 = TD.|last10 = Ogedegbe|first10 = Olugbenga|last11 = Smith|first11 = Sidney C.|last12 = Svetkey|first12 = Laura P.|last13 = Taler|first13 = Sandra J.|last14 = Townsend|first14 = Raymond R.|last15 = Wright|first15 = Jackson T.|last16 = Narva|first16 = Andrew S.|last17 = Ortiz|first17 = Eduardo|title = 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)|journal = JAMA|volume = 311|issue = 5|pages = 507–20|date = Dec 2013|doi = 10.1001/jama.2013.284427|pmid = 24352797|display-authors = 8}}</ref> এবাৰ ৰক্তচাপ জোখাতকৈ ২৪ ঘণ্টা জুৰি জোখা ৰক্তচাপ অধিক শুদ্ধ।<ref name=Nai2014/><ref name=Lancet2015/>

জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু ঔষধে ৰক্তচাপ কমাই স্বাস্থ্যৰ গুৰুতৰ বিসংগতি ৰোধিব পাৰে।<ref name=NIH2015Tx>{{cite web|title=How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/treatment|website=National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|accessdate=6 March 2016|date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তনৰ ভিতৰত ওজন কমোৱা, নিমখ কমাই খোৱা, শাৰীৰিক ব্যায়াম আৰু স্বাস্থ্যসন্মত আহাৰ গ্ৰহণ প্ৰধান।<ref name=Lancet2015/> এইবোৰ উপায়ে কাম নিদিলে ঔষধৰ প্ৰয়োগ কৰা হয়।<ref name=NIH2015Tx/> ৯০% মানুহৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তিনিবিধলৈকে ঔষধে ৰক্তচাপ কমাব পাৰে।<ref name=Lancet2015>{{cite journal|last1=Poulter|first1=NR|last2=Prabhakaran|first2=D|last3=Caulfield|first3=M|title=Hypertension.|journal=Lancet (London, England)|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=801–12|pmid=25832858|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61468-9}}</ref> বিশ্বজুৰি উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপে ১৬-৩৭% লোকৰ স্বাস্থ্যত প্ৰভাৱ পেলায়। .<ref name=Lancet2015/> ২০১০ চনত উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ ১৮% মৃত্যুৰ (৯.৪ নিযুত) কাৰণ আছিল বুলি বিশ্বাস কৰা হয়।<ref name=Camp2015>{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=NR|last2=Lackland|first2=DT|last3=Lisheng|first3=L|last4=Niebylski|first4=ML|last5=Nilsson|first5=PM|last6=Zhang|first6=XH|title=Using the Global Burden of Disease study to assist development of nation-specific fact sheets to promote prevention and control of hypertension and reduction in dietary salt: a resource from the World Hypertension League.|journal=Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)|date=March 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=165–67|pmid=25644474|doi=10.1111/jch.12479}}</ref>

উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপত বিশেষ লক্ষণ আৰু চিহ্ন থাকিলে সেয়া অপ্ৰধান শ্ৰেণীৰো হ'ব পাৰে অৰ্থাৎ নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰক থকা ৰক্তচাপ। যেনে- কুশ্বিং ছীন্দ্ৰ'মৰ (Cushing's syndrome) ফলত পেটত চৰ্বি জমা, গ্লুক'জ অসহিষ্ণুতা (glucose intolerance), চন্দ্ৰৰ দৰে মুখাবয়ব, ডিঙি/কান্ধৰ পিছফালে চৰ্বিৰ কুঁজ, আৰু পেটত ৰঙচুৱা দাগ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name=ABC>{{cite book |author1=O'Brien, Eoin |author2=Beevers, D. G. |author3=Lip, Gregory Y. H. |title=ABC of hypertension |publisher=BMJ Books |location=London |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4051-3061-X |oclc= |doi= }}</ref> [[হাইপাৰথাইৰইডিজম]]ত প্ৰায়েই ভোক বঢ়াৰ লগত ওজন কমা, বেছি হৃদকম্পন, চকু ওলাই অহা (exophthalmos) আৰু হাত-ভৰিৰ কঁপনি হ;ব পাৰে। বৃক্কৰ ধমনীৰ সংকীৰ্ণতা (Renal artery stenosis)ত পেটৰ সোঁমাজৰ ওচৰত ধমনীৰ শব্দ (bruit) হ'ব পাৰে। ফিঅ'ক্ৰম'চাইট'মা (Pheochromocytoma])ত হঠাতে উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ, মূৰৰ বিষ, বুকুৰ ধপধপনি, শেঁতা পৰা আৰু বেছিকৈ ঘমা লক্ষণ হ'ব পাৰে।refপাৰে। ref name="ABC" />

[[জিন]] আৰু পাৰিবেশিক কাৰকৰ জটিল বিনিময়ৰ ফলত উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ হয়। ৰক্তচাপত অলপ-অচৰপ প্ৰভাৱ পেলোৱা বহু জিনীয় কাৰকৰ লগতে<ref name="pmid21909115">{{cite journal|author=Ehret GB |title=Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7367 |pages=103–09 |date=October 2011|pmid=21909115 |doi=10.1038/nature10405 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Munroe PB |author3=Rice KM|display-authors=3 |last4=Bochud |first4=Murielle |last5=Johnson |first5=Andrew D. |last6=Chasman|first6=Daniel I. |last7=Smith |first7=Albert V. |last8=Tobin |first8=Martin D. |last9=Verwoert|first9=Germaine C. |pmc=3340926}}</ref> বেছি প্ৰভাৱ পেলোৱা কিছুমান দুৰ্লভ জিনীয় কাৰকো চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lifton|first=RP|author2=Gharavi, AG, Geller, DS|title=Molecular mechanisms of human hypertension|journal=Cell|date=2001-02-23|volume=104|issue=4|pages=545–56|pmid=11239411|doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00241-0}}</ref> [[:en:Genome-wide association study|GWAS]] অধ্যয়নে ৰক্তচাপৰ লগত সম্পৰ্ক থকা ৩৫ টা৩৫টা জিনীয় স্থান বিচাৰি উলিয়াইছে।<ref name=Nor2016>{{Cite journal|last=Kato|first=Norihiro|last2=Loh|first2=Marie|last3=Takeuchi|first3=Fumihiko|last4=Verweij|first4=Niek|last5=Wang|first5=Xu|last6=Zhang|first6=Weihua|last7=Kelly|first7=Tanika N.|last8=Saleheen|first8=Danish|last9=Lehne|first9=Benjamin|date=2015-11-01|title=Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=47|issue=11|pages=1282–93|doi=10.1038/ng.3405|issn=1546-1718|pmc=4719169|pmid=26390057}}</ref>

অপ্ৰধান উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপৰ নিৰ্দিষ্ট কাৰণ থাকে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰধান হৈছে বৃক্কৰ ৰোগ।<ref name="ABC" /> আন্তঃশ্ৰাৱী ৰোগ যেনে কুশ্বিং ছীন্দ্ৰ'ম, [[হাইপাৰথাইৰইডিজম]], [[হাইপ'থাইৰইডিজম]], এক্ৰ'মেগেলী, ক'ন ছীন্‌ড্ৰ'ম, হাইপাৰপাৰাথাইৰ‌ইডিজম আৰু ফিঅ'ক্ৰম'চাইট'মাৰ ফলতো উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ হয়।<ref name="ABC" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Dluhy RG, Williams GH eds|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|year=1998|publisher=W.B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia ; Montreal|isbn=0721661521|edition=9th|chapter=Endocrine hypertension|veditors=Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM|pages=729–49}}</ref> আন কাৰকৰ ভিতৰত মেদবহুলতা, স্লীপ এপ্‌নিয়া, গৰ্ভধাৰণ, অত্যাধিকঅত্যধিক মদ্যপান, কিছুমান দৰব আদিলৈ আঙুলিয়াব পাৰি।<ref name="ABC" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Grossman E, Messerli FH |title=Drug-induced Hypertension: An Unappreciated Cause of Secondary Hypertension |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=14–22 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22195528 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.05.024 |url=|last2=Messerli }}</ref> খোৱা পানীত বেছি আৰ্ছেনিক থাকিলে ৰক্তচাপ বাঢ়ে বুলি প্ৰমাণ পোৱা গৈছে।<ref name=ehp>{{cite journal|author1=Jieying Jiang |author2=Mengling Liu |author3=Faruque Parvez |title=Association between Arsenic Exposure from Drinking Water and Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure among HEALS Cohort Participants|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=August 2015|volume=123|issue=8|doi=10.1289/ehp.1409004|display-authors=etal |pmid=25816368 |pmc=4529016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abhyankar|first1=LN|last2=Jones|first2=MR|last3=Guallar|first3=E|last4=Navas-Acien|first4=A|title=Arsenic exposure and hypertension: a systematic review.|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=April 2012|volume=120|issue=4|pages=494–500|pmid=22138666|doi=10.1289/ehp.1103988|pmc=3339454}}</ref>

[[প্ৰাথমিক উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ]]ত ভোগা বেছিসংখ্যক লোকৰে ৰক্ত প্ৰবাহৰ অৱৰোধ বেছি (total peripheral resistance) পোৱা যায় আৰু [[কাৰ্ডিয়েক আউটপুট]] সাধাৰণ অৱস্থাত থাকে।<ref>{{cite journal |author=Conway J |title=Hemodynamic aspects of essential hypertension in humans |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=617–60 |date=April 1984 |pmid=6369352 |doi= |url=}}</ref> [[প্ৰাক্‌ উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ]](prehypertension) বা 'borderline hypertension' থকা কিছু সংখ্যক ডেকা বয়সৰ লোকৰ বেছি কাৰ্ডিয়েক আউটপুট, বেছি হৃদস্পন্দন আৰু সাধাৰণ প্ৰান্তীয় অৱৰোধ পোৱা যায় (hyperkinetic borderline hypertension)।<ref name = Palatini>{{cite journal |author=Palatini P, Julius S |title=The role of cardiac autonomic function in hypertension and cardiovascular disease |journal=Curr. Hypertens. Rep. |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=199–205 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19442329 |doi= 10.1007/s11906-009-0035-4|url=|last2=Julius }}</ref> এওঁলোকে পাছৰ বয়সত প্ৰাথমিক উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপত ভোগে।<ref name = Palatini /> উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ থকা সকলোৰে এনে ঘটে নে তাক লৈ বিবাদ আছে।<ref>{{cite journal |author=Andersson OK, Lingman M, Himmelmann A, Sivertsson R, Widgren BR |title=Prediction of future hypertension by casual blood pressure or invasive hemodynamics? A 30-year follow-up study |journal=Blood Press. |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=350–54 |year=2004 |pmid=15771219 |doi= 10.1080/08037050410004819|url=|last2=Lingman |last3=Himmelmann |last4=Sivertsson |last5=Widgren }}</ref> উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপৰ বেছি প্ৰান্তীয় অৱৰোধৰ কাৰণ সৰু সৰু ধমনীবোৰৰ সংকোচন বুলি ঠাৱৰ কৰা হৈছে।<ref>{{cite journal |author=Folkow B |title=Physiological aspects of primary hypertension |journal=Physiol. Rev. |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=347–504 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6461865 |doi= |url=}}</ref> সুক্ষ্মসূক্ষ্ম নলীকাবোৰৰ (capillaries) ঘনত্ব কমাটোও এটা কৰণ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>{{cite journal |author=Struijker Boudier HA, le Noble JL, Messing MW, Huijberts MS, le Noble FA, van Essen H |title=The microcirculation and hypertension |journal=J Hypertens Suppl |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=S147–56 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1291649 |doi= 10.1097/00004872-199212000-00016|url=|last2=Le Noble |last3=Messing |last4=Huijberts |last5=Le Noble |last6=Van Essen }}</ref> <!-- Whether increased active arteriolar [[vasoconstriction]] plays a role in established essential hypertension is unclear.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schiffrin EL |title=Reactivity of small blood vessels in hypertension: relation with structural changes. State of the art lecture |journal=Hypertension |volume=19 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=II1–9 |date=February 1992 |pmid=1735561 |doi= 10.1161/01.HYP.19.2_Suppl.II1-a|url=}}</ref> Hypertension is also associated with decreased peripheral [[Compliance (physiology)|venous compliance]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Safar ME, London GM |title=Arterial and venous compliance in sustained essential hypertension |journal=Hypertension |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=133–9 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3301662 |doi= 10.1161/01.HYP.10.2.133|url=|last2=London }}</ref> which may increase [[venous return]], increase cardiac [[Preload (cardiology)|preload]] and, ultimately, cause [[diastolic dysfunction]].-->

A 2007 review article <ref name=> {{cite journal |vauthors=Adrogué HJ, Madias NE |title=Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=356 |pages=1966–1978 |year=2007 |pmid= |doi= 10.1056/NEJMra064486 |url=http://www.earthsave.org/louisville/Potassium%20Hypertension.pdf }} </ref> states that while excessive sodium consumption has long been recognized as contributing to the risk of essential (also known as primary or what they describe as essential, primary or [[idiopathy|idiopathic]]) hypertension, "potassium, the main intracellular cation, has usually been viewed as a minor factor in the pathogenesis of hypertension. However, abundant evidence indicates that a potassium deficit has a critical role in hypertension and its cardiovascular sequelae." The authors state that modern, western, high sodium, low potassium diets result in corresponding changes in intracellular concentration of these, the two most important cations in animal cells. This imbalance leads to contraction of vascular smooth muscle, restricting blood flow and so driving up blood pressure. The authors cite studies which showing that potassium supplementation is effective in reducing hypertension.-->

২০১৪ চনত কৰা এটা মেটা-এনালাইচিছত<ref name=pmid=25398734>{{cite journal |vauthors=Perez V, Chang ET |title=Sodium-to-Potassium Ratio and Blood Pressure, Hypertension, and Related Factors|journal=[[Advances in Nutrition]] |volume=56 |pages=712-741 |year=2014 |pmid=25398734}}</ref> কোৱা হৈছে যে প্ৰাপ্তবয়স্ক লোকৰ উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপত কেৱল ছ'ডিয়াম আৰু পটাছিয়ামতকৈ ছ'ডিয়াম-পটাছিয়াম অনুপাতৰ ভূমিকা অধিক।

| প্ৰস্ৰাৱৰ পৰীক্ষা, প্ৰস্ৰাৱত প্ৰ'টিন, ব্লাড-ইউৰিয়া নাইট্ৰ'জেন আৰু/বা ক্ৰিয়েটিনিন।

The first line of treatment for hypertension is lifestyle changes, including dietary changes, physical exercise, and weight loss. Though these have all been recommended in scientific advisories,<ref name="Go2013">{{cite journal|last = Go|first = AS|author2 = Bauman, M|author3 = King, SM|author4 = Fonarow, GC|author5 = Lawrence, W|author6 = Williams, KA|author7 = Sanchez, E|title = An Effective Approach to High Blood Pressure Control: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal = Hypertension|volume = 63|issue = 4|pages = 878–85|date = Nov 15, 2013|pmid = 24243703|url = http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/11/14/HYP.0000000000000003|doi = 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000003}}</ref> a [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] systematic review found no evidence for effects of weight loss diets on death or long-term complications and adverse events in persons with hypertension.<ref name=Sem2016>{{cite journal|last1=Semlitsch|first1=T|last2=Jeitler|first2=K|last3=Berghold|first3=A|last4=Horvath|first4=K|last5=Posch|first5=N|last6=Poggenburg|first6=S|last7=Siebenhofer|first7=A|title=Long-term effects of weight-reducing diets in people with hypertension.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=2 March 2016|volume=3|page=CD008274|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub3|pmid=26934541|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008274.pub3/abstract|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref> The review did find a decrease in blood pressure.<ref name=Sem2016/> Their potential effectiveness is similar to and at times exceeds a single medication.<ref name=EU2013/> If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication.

Increasing dietary potassium has a potential benefit for lowering the risk of hypertension.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aburto|first1=NJ|last2=Hanson|first2=S|last3=Gutierrez|first3=H|last4=Hooper|first4=L|last5=Elliott|first5=P|last6=Cappuccio|first6=FP|title=Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=3 April 2013|volume=346|page=f1378|pmid=23558164|doi=10.1136/bmj.f1378|pmc=4816263}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stone|first1=MS|last2=Martyn|first2=L|last3=Weaver|first3=CM|title=Potassium Intake, Bioavailability, Hypertension, and Glucose Control.|journal=Nutrients|date=22 July 2016|volume=8|issue=7|pmid=27455317|doi=10.3390/nu8070444|page=444}}</ref> The 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC) stated that potassium is one of the shortfall nutrients which is under-consumed in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee |url = https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/|accessdate = 2017-04-26}}</ref> Potassium supplementation is challenging due to the large quantities required to achieve a substantial fraction of the 3.5 gram Daily Value <ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Daily Values|url = https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/dailyvalues.aspx|accessdate = 2017-04-25}}</ref> and the strong taste of many potassium compounds. Potassium gluconate has the mildest taste of these, but the lowest potassium content, of 16.7%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food Business News article: Potassium: promising yet problematic|url = http://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/news_home/Supplier-Innovations/2015/01/Potassium_promising_yet_proble.aspx?ID=%7BEFE46B8B-5647-4150-9525-F66F794BF84C%7D|accessdate = 2017-04-25}}</ref>

As of 2014, approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_text/en/|title=Raised blood pressure|date=|website=World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> It is slightly more frequent in men,<ref name=":4" /> in those of low [[socioeconomic status]],<ref name="pmid10645931" /> and [[prevalence]] increases with age.<ref name="pmid10645931" /> It is common in high, medium and low income countries.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="pmid15652604">{{cite journal|last2=Whelton|last3=Reynolds|last4=Muntner|last5=Whelton|last6=He|year=2005|title=Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data|journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]]|volume=365|issue=9455|pages=217–23|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17741-1|pmid=15652604|author=Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J}}</ref> The prevalence of raised blood pressure is highest in Africa, (30% for both sexes) and lowest in the WHO Region of the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within WHO regions with rates as low as 3.4% (men) and 6.8% (women) in rural India and as high as 68.9% (men) and 72.5% (women) in Poland.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Whelton PK, He J |title=Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review |journal=J. Hypertens. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=11–9 |date=January 2004 |pmid=15106785 |doi= 10.1097/00004872-200401000-00003|url=|last2=Whelton |last3=Reynolds |last4=Whelton |last5=He }}</ref> In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30-45% of people as of 2013.<ref name=EU2013/> In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people (24% of the populations) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication.<ref name="pmid7875754">{{cite journal |author=Burt VL |title=Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991 |journal=Hypertension |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=305–13 |date=March 1995 |pmid=7875754 |doi= 10.1161/01.HYP.25.3.305|url=http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7875754 |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Whelton P |author3=Roccella EJ |display-authors=3 |last4=Brown |first4=C |last5=Cutler |first5=JA |last6=Higgins |first6=M |last7=Horan |first7=MJ |last8=Labarthe |first8=D |accessdate=5 June 2009}}</ref> By 2004 this had increased to 29%<ref name="pmid7607734" /><ref name="pmid17608879">{{cite journal |author=Ostchega Y, Dillon CF, Hughes JP, Carroll M, Yoon S |title=Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in older U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988 to 2004 |journal=Journal of the American Geriatrics Society |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=1056–65 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17608879 |doi=10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01215.x|last2=Dillon |last3=Hughes |last4=Carroll |last5=Yoon }}</ref> and further to 34% (76&nbsp;million US adults) by 2006. African American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%.<ref name="AHA2010" /> It is also more common in [[Filipino Americans]] and less common in US [[European Americans|whites]] and [[Mexican American]]s.<ref name="pmid10645931" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Culture-Specific of Health Risk Health Status: Morbidity and Mortality

Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician [[William Harvey]] (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book "''De motu cordis''". The English clergyman [[Stephen Hales]] made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733.<ref name="pmid1744849"/><ref name=Kotchen2011>{{cite journal |author=Kotchen TA |title=Historical trends and milestones in hypertension research: a model of the process of translational research |journal=Hypertension |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=522–38 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21859967 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.177766}}</ref> However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based [[sphygmomanometer]] by [[Scipione Riva-Rocci]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite book | title=A century of arterial hypertension 1896–1996 | editor=Postel-Vinay N | page=213 | location=Chichester | publisher=Wiley | year=1996 | isbn=0-471-96788-2}}</ref> This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, [[Nikolai Korotkoff]] improved the technique by describing the [[Korotkoff sounds]] that are heard when the artery is ausculated with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated.<ref name=Kotchen2011/> This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured.

</ref> This was advocated by The [[Yellow Emperor]] of China, [[Aulus Cornelius Celsus|Cornelius Celsus]], [[Galen]], and [[Hippocrates]].<ref name="pmid1744849"/> The therapeutic approach for the treatment of hard pulse disease included changes in lifestyle (staying away from anger and sexual intercourse) and dietary program for patients (avoiding the consumption of wine, meat, and pastries, reducing the volume of food in a meal, maintaining a low-energy diet and the dietary usage of spinach and vinegar).

[[বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা]]ই উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপক হৃদজনিত মৃত্যুৰ মুখ্য কাৰক হিচাপে চিনাক্ত কৰিছে।<ref name="pmid17534457"/> ৮৫ খন৮৫খন উচ ৰক্তচাপ ছচায়েটি আৰু লীগৰ মূল সংস্থা [[:en:The World Hypertension League|The World Hypertension League]]-এ কয় যে বিশ্বৰ উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ থকা লোকৰ ৫০% তকৈও বেছিয়ে তেওঁলোকৰ ৰোগৰ কথা নাজানে।<ref name="pmid17534457">{{cite journal|author=Chockalingam A |title=Impact of World Hypertension Day |journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=7|pages=517–19 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17534457 |pmc=2650754 |doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(07)70795-X|url= }}</ref> এই সমস্যাৰ মোকাবিলা কৰিবলৈ তেওঁলোকে ২০০৫ চনত বিশ্বজুৰি এটা সজাগতা অভিযান আৰম্ভ কৰে আৰু প্ৰতি বছৰৰ ১৭ মে' তাৰিখটো [[বিশ্ব উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপ দিৱস]] হিচাপে পালন কৰে। ২০০৭ চনত ৪৭ খন৪৭খন দেশৰ চৰকাৰ, বেচৰকাৰী সংস্থা, ব্যক্তিগত উদ্যোগ আদিয়ে যুটীয়াভাৱে টেলিভিজন, ৰেলী আদিৰ জৰিয়তে উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপৰ সজাগতা অভিযান চলায় আৰু প্ৰায় ২৫ কোটি লোকলৈ এই বাৰ্তা যায়। WHL-এ আশা কৰে যে লাহে লাহে উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপত ভোগা প্ৰায় ১৫০ কোটি লোক ইয়াৰ প্ৰতি সজাগ হ'ব।<ref name="pmid18548140">{{cite journal |author=Chockalingam A |title=World Hypertension Day and global awareness|journal=Canadian Journal of Cardiology |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=441–44 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18548140 |pmc=2643187|doi= 10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70617-2|url=}}</ref>

High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion.<ref name = AHA2010>{{cite journal |author=Lloyd-Jones D |title=Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=e46–e215 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20019324 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192667 |url= |name-list-format=vanc|author2=Adams RJ |author3=Brown TM |display-authors=3 |last4=Carnethon |first4=M. |last5=Dai |first5=S. |last6=De Simone |first6=G. |last7=Ferguson |first7=T. B. |last8=Ford |first8=E. |last9=Furie |first9=K}}</ref> In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it.<ref name = AHA2010 /><!-- উচ্চ ৰক্তচাপৰ ব্যৱস্থাপনাত ৰোগ নিৰ্ণয়, চিকিৎসা বা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ অন্তৰায় হ'ব পাৰে।<ref name="pmid19124418">{{cite journal |author=Alcocer L, Cueto L |title=Hypertension, a health economics perspective |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=147–55 |date=June 2008 |pmid=19124418 |doi=10.1177/1753944708090572 |url=http://tak.sagepub.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19124418 |accessdate=20 June 2009|last2=Cueto }}</ref> বহু লোকে ৰক্তচাপ স্বাভাৱিক কৰিবলৈ একাধিক ঔষধ ব্যৱহাৰত অমান্তি হোৱাত চিকিৎস কৰ্মীসকল অসুবিধাত পৰে। ৰোগীসকলেও নিয়মীয়াকৈ ঔষধ সেৱন অৰু জীৱনশৈলী পৰিৱৰ্তনত অসুবিধা অনুভৱ কৰে। কিন্তু ৰক্তচাপ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ কৰিলে হৃদৰোগ আৰু [[ষ্ট্ৰ'ক]]ত মৃত্যুৰ সম্ভাৱনা কমাৰ লগতে অধিক চিকিৎসাৰ খৰছোখৰচো হ্ৰাস পায়।<ref name="The Economic Impact of Hypertension">{{cite journal |author=William J. Elliott |title=The Economic Impact of Hypertension |journal=The Journal of Clinical Hypertension |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=3–13 |date=October 2003 |doi= 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.02463.x |pmid=12826765}}</ref><ref name="pmid18345711">{{cite journal |author=Coca A |title=Economic benefits of treating high-risk hypertension with angiotensin II receptor antagonists (blockers) |journal=Clinical Drug Investigation |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=211–20 |year=2008 |pmid=18345711 |doi= 10.2165/00044011-200828040-00002|url= }}</ref> -->

| DiseasesDB = 6330

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|10||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|11||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|12||i|10}},<br/>{{ICD10|I|13||i|10}},{{ICD10|I|15||i|10}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|401}}

| OMIM = 145500

| MedlinePlus = 000468

| eMedicineSubj = med

| eMedicineTopic = 1106

| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|1097}} {{eMedicine2|emerg|267}}

| MeshID = D006973