ভূপাল দুৰ্ঘটনা: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

<ref name="MandavilliUnfolding" /><ref name="convictions">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8725140.stm|title=Bhopal trial: Eight convicted over India gas disaster |date=7 June 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=7 June 2010| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607185745/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8725140.stm| archivedate= 7 June 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

UCC আৰু কোম্পানীটোৰ তদানীন্তন মুখ্য কাৰ্যবাহী বিষয়া ওৱাৰেন এণ্ডাৰছেনৰ বিৰুদ্ধে মাৰ্কিন যুক্তৰাষ্টৰ দেৱানী আৰু অপৰাধমূলক শাখাত এই গোচৰ তৰা হৈছিল৷ কিন্তু ১৯৮৬ আৰু ২০১২ চনৰ ভিতৰত আমেৰিকান আদালতে UCC ৰ অধীনৰ UCIL এটা স্বতন্ত্ৰ ভাৰতীয় কোম্পানী বুলি মত পোষণ কৰি বাৰম্বাৰ এই গোচৰ বাতিল কৰিছিল আৰু বিভিন্ন কাৰণত ভাৰতীয় আদালতলৈ

২০১০ চনৰ জুন মাহত সেই সময়ৰ অধ্যক্ষকে ধৰি ৮ জন (এজনৰ ইতিমধ্যে মৃত্যু হয়) কৰ্মচাৰীক তেওঁলোকে নিজ কামত কৰা গাফিলতিয়ে সহস্ৰজনৰ প্ৰাণ কাঢ়ি নিয়া এই দুৰ্ঘটনাৰ বাবে দোষী সাব্যস্ত কৰি ভাৰতীয় কানুন মতে ২ বছৰৰ কাৰাদণ্ড আৰু প্ৰত্যেকজনকে ২০০০ ডলাৰৰ জৰিমনা ভৰায় ৷

==Background==

The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Sevin (UCC's brand name for [[carbaryl]]) using [[methyl isocyanate|methyl isocyanate (MIC)]] as an intermediate.<ref name="Eckerman2005">{{cite book |last=Eckerman |first=Ingrid |title=The Bhopal Saga—Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster |url=https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B0FqO8XKy9NRZDNzTkZQeVJQbE0/edit?pli=1 |year=2005 |publisher=Universities Press |location=India |isbn=978-81-7371-515-0 |doi=10.13140/2.1.3457.5364}}</ref> An MIC production plant was added to the UCIL site in 1979.<ref name="UCCmanual1976">{{cite book |title=Methyl isocyanate |year=1976 |publisher=Union Carbide Corporation |location=New York}} F-41443A-7/76</ref><ref name="UCCmanual1978">{{cite book |title=Carbon monoxide, Phosgene and Methyl isocyanate. Unit Safety Procedures Manual |publisher=Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division |year=1978 |location=Bhopal}}</ref><ref name="UCCmanual1979">{{cite book |title=Operating Manual Part-II. Methyl Isocyanate Unit |authors=Behl VK, Agarwal VN, Choudhary SP, Khanna S |location=Bhopal |publisher=Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division |year=1979}}</ref> The chemical process employed in the Bhopal plant had [[methylamine]] reacting with [[phosgene]] to form MIC, which was then reacted with [[1-naphthol]] to form the final product, carbaryl. Another manufacturer, Bayer, also used this MIC-intermediate process at the chemical plant once owned by UCC at [[Institute, West Virginia]], in the United States.<ref name="Kovel">Kovel (2002).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201103181523|title=Bayer gives up fight to restart Institute MIC unit|author=Ward, Ken Jr.|date=18 March 2011|work=The Charleston Gazette|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref>

 

After the Bhopal plant was built, other manufacturers (including [[Bayer]]) produced carbaryl without MIC, though at a greater [[manufacturing cost]]. This "route" differed from the MIC-free routes used elsewhere, in which the same raw materials were combined in a different manufacturing order, with phosgene first reacting with naphthol to form a chloroformate ester, which was, in turn, reacted with methylamine. In the early 1980s, the demand for pesticides had fallen, but production continued regardless, leading to an accumulation of stores of unused MIC where that method was used.<ref name="Eckerman2005" /><ref name="Kovel" />

===Earlier leaks===

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