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নতুন পৃষ্ঠা: কুকুৰা যুঁজ অসমৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত খেল। অসমৰ বহু অঞ্চলত কুকুৰা যু... |
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[[চিত্ৰ:COCK_FIGHT.JPG|thumb|Cockfight in [[Tamil Nadu]], India]]
[[Cockfight|Cockfighting]] (''Kodi Pandem'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) in [[India]] primarily takes place in January, coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti]]. The practice is widespread in the [[Coastal Andhra|coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh]], including [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari districts]], despite being illegal in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Slater|first=Joanna|date=5 February 2019|title=Inside India’s illegal ‘Super Bowl’ of cockfighting, where the roosters wear razors|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-roosters-wear-razors-inside-indias-super-bowl-of-cockfighting/2019/02/04/63476888-1e60-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Srinivas|first=Rajulapudi|date=2020-01-12|title=Despite ban, stage being set for cockfighting in Andhra Pradesh|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/fowl-play/article30546425.ece|access-date=2020-08-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> কুকুৰা যুঁজ অসমৰ এক পৰম্পৰাগত খেল। অসমৰ বহু অঞ্চলত কুকুৰা যুঁজৰ ব্যাপক জনপ্ৰিয়তা দেখা যায়। বিশেষকৈ মাঘ বিহুৰ সময়ত এই খেল অসমৰ বহু ঠাইত সামূহিকভাৱে অনুষ্ঠিত কৰা হৈছিল৷ এই খেলত প্ৰত্যেকেই নিজৰ কুকুৰাক প্ৰশিক্ষণ দি অন্য কুকুৰাৰ সৈতে যুঁজিবলৈ দিয়ে৷ কোনো কোনো ঠাইত কুকুৰাৰ ভৰিত বিন্ধা যুক্ত কাইট লগাই দিয়ে যাতে আক্ৰমণ কৰিলে প্ৰতিদ্বন্দী কুকুৰাটো আঘাতপ্ৰাপ্ত হয়
২০১৪ চনত এটা ৰায়ৰ জৰিয়তে উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে জীৱ-জন্তুৰ প্ৰতি নিষ্ঠুৰতা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা সকলো ধৰণৰ জীৱ-জন্তুৰ যুঁজ নিষিদ্ধ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে গুৱাহাটী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ে অসমৰ কুকুৰা যুঁজ বন্ধ কৰাৰো নিৰ্দেশ
৷<ref>https://assam.nenow.in/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b9-%e0%a6%af%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%9c-%e0%a6%86%e0%a7%b0%e0%a7%81-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%af%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%b0/</ref>
== Overview ==
[[চিত্ৰ:Battle_of_Palnadu_sculpture_in_Telugu_Museum.jpg|thumb|Sculpture depicting cockfighting during the [[Battle of Palnadu]]]]
Fights between birds such as [[Junglefowl|junglefowls]] and [[Rooster|roosters]] are said to have been arranged in [[ancient India]] as a mode of entertainment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bird Fights|url=http://www.bwcindia.org/Web/Awareness/LearnAbout/BirdFights.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-24|website=Beauty Without Cruelty – India}}</ref> It is recorded that the outcome of the [[Battle of Palnadu]] (1178–1182) was decided by a rooster fight, following which cockfighting gained foothold in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2020-01-12|title=A favourite pastime|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-favourite-pastime/article30546348.ece|access-date=2020-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In the present day, cockfighting takes place in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and other parts of India such as [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]],and [[Odisha]].<ref name=":1" />
Roosters are specially bred for cockfights, with knives and blades tied to their legs. The fight typically results in the death of one of the birds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bommakanti|first=Ujwal|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=|title=Cockfights continue across Andhra Pradesh despite court ban {{!}} Vijayawada News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/cockfight-arenas-spring-up-lakhs-trade-hands-as-organisers-flout-ban/articleshow/73257193.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Roosters are trained for fights year-round and are worth as much as {{INRConvert|50000|lk=r}}. Events which can last as long as three days are organized during Sankranti, with each event drawing thousands of people.<ref name=":0" /> In a 2019 investigation, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the practice the "[[Super Bowl]] of cockfighting".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Man killed by chicken at illegal cockfight|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-man-killed-rooster-cockfight-razor-blades-andhra-pradesh-a9296531.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref>
== History ==
Cockfighting is an ancient spectator sport. There is evidence that cockfighting was a pastime in the [[Indus Valley Civilization]].<ref name="Sherman">Sherman, David M. (2002). ''Tending Animals in the Global Village''. Blackwell Publishing. 46. {{ISBN|0-683-18051-7}}.</ref> The Encyclopædia Britannica (2008) holds:<ref>''Cockfighting''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2008</ref>{{Quote|The sport was popular in ancient times in India, China, Persia, and other Eastern countries and was introduced into Ancient Greece in the time of Themistocles (c. 524–460 BC). For a long time the Romans affected to despise this "Greek diversion", but they ended up adopting it so enthusiastically that the agricultural writer Columella (1st century AD) complained that its devotees often spent their whole patrimony in betting at the side of the pit.}}Based on his analysis of a Mohenjo-daro seal, Iravatham Mahadevan speculates that the city's ancient name could have been Kukkutarma ("the city [-rma] of the cockerel [kukkuta]").<ref>[[Iravatham Mahadevan]]. [http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00151/Dr_Iravatham_Mahade_151204a.pdf "'Address' Signs of the Indus Script" (PDF)]. Presented at the [[World Classical Tamil Conference 2010]]. 23–27 June 2010. ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VMSF7m2CFTEC&pg=PA11] Poultry Breeding and Genetics By R. D. Crawford – Elsevier Health Sciences, 1990, page 10</ref> However, according to a recent study,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Al-Nasser|first7=A.|doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X|pages=285|issue=2|volume=63|journal=World's Poultry Science Journal|title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication|year=2007|first8=M.|last8=Mashaly|last7=Al-Haddad|first1=A.|first6=G.|last6=Ragheb|first5=M.|last5=Albahouh|first4=F.|last4=Khalil|first3=A.|last3=Al-Saffar|first2=H.|last2=Al-Khalaifa|s2cid=86734013}}</ref> "it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the modern domestic fowl. Chickens from the [[Harrapa|Harappan]] culture of the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indus Valley]] (2500–2100 BC) may have been the main source of diffusion throughout the world." "Within the Indus Valley, indications are that chickens were used for sport and not for food" (Zeuner 1963)<ref name="google11">{{cite book|author=R. D. Crawford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMSF7m2CFTEC&pg=PA11|title=''Poultry Breeding and Genetics''|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=1990|isbn=9780444885579|page=11|access-date=2014-05-10}}</ref> and that by 1000 BC they had assumed "religious significance".<ref name="google11" />
== ''Kukkuta Sastra'' ==
''Kukkuta Satra'' ({{Translation|''Cock Astrology''}}) is a [[shastra]] dealing with cockfighting.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=కోడిపందేల చరిత్ర తెలిసి ఉండొచ్చు.. మరి కోడి చరిత్ర తెలుసా?|language=te|work=[[BBC News]] తెలుగు|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-42652250|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref> There is no information about the author or when the book is written.<ref name=":4" />
''Kukkuta Sastra'' recognises 50 types of cocks suitable for cockfighting. It prescribes the diet for the cocks raised for cockfighting, including but not limited to [[almond]], [[cashew]], [[pistachio]], and meat. ''Kukkuta Sastra'' is diligently followed when cocks are raised for cockfighting in India.<ref name="nt">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=కాలుదువ్వుతున్న పందెంకోళ్లు... {{!}} ఖమ్మం {{!}} www.NavaTelangana.com|url=http://m.navatelangana.com/article/khammam/193083|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-19|website=[[Nava Telangana]]|language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=K|first1=Srinivas|date=2011-01-12|title=కోట్ల రూపాయల కోడి పందేలు|url=http://www.suryaa.com/features/article-1-12718|archive-url=http://archive.is/WEqI9|archive-date=2014-01-13|accessdate=2014-01-13|website=[[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]]}}</ref>
== Ban ==
Cockfighting has been illegal in India since the enactment of [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]] in 1960. Subsequent judgements by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Esha Mitra|title=Man dies after rooster attack on way to cockfight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/22/india/rooster-cockfight-death-intl-hnk-scli/index.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> and the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] in 2016, upheld the ban.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 January 2017|title=Despite Ban, Roosters and Punters Ready for the Cockfights|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/despite-ban-roosters-and-punters-ready-for-the-cockfights-1334749.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref> In January 2018, the Supreme Court allowed the sport to be held in a traditional way, without the use of knives and blades and without gambling or betting.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=SC allows conduct of cockfights in 'traditional manner' in coastal Andhra|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-allows-conduct-of-cockfights-in-traditional-manner-in-coastal-andhra/story-Iqy4q3u2WIlismJeP0OFSP.html|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>
Despite the ban,<ref name=":3" /> cockfighting is still popular in Andhra Pradesh, with an estimated amount over {{INRConvert|900|c|lk=c}} being wagered in the state during a three-day period in 2019.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=cockfights: Cockfights have turned into a multi-crore biz in coastal Andhra Pradesh – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/cockfights-have-turned-into-a-multi-crore-biz-in-coastal-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/67599224.cms|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> More than 200,000 roosters have been used in cockfights in the state.<ref name=":5" />
== Incidents ==
* In 2010, in [[Midnapore|West Midnapore]] of the state of [[West Bengal]], a man was killed by his rooster, which pierced his neck with a blade attached to its leg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 December 2010|title=Master dies in rooster revolt|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/master-dies-in-rooster-revolt/cid/458403|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-24|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph India]]}}</ref>
* In 2019, in [[Pragadavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], a spectator succumbed to the injuries inflicted by a rooster. It reportedly sunk the blade tied to its leg into his abdomen during a cockfight.<ref name=":2" />
* In 2021, in [[Telangana]] state, the owner of a rooster fitted with a blade was killed after it impaled him in the groin as he attempted to recapture it after an escape attempt.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-27|title=Indian man killed by his own rooster during cockfight|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56224144|access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref>
== Popular culture ==
* The plot of the 2011 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Aadukalam]]'' directed by [[Vetrimaran]] is centred around cockfights.<ref>{{cite news|title='Aadukalam':Facsinating shades of grey|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lsquoAadukalamrsquo-Fascinating-shades-of-grey/article15531664.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
▲২০১৪ চনত এটা ৰায়ৰ জৰিয়তে উচ্চতম ন্যায়ালয়ে জীৱ-জন্তুৰ প্ৰতি নিষ্ঠুৰতা প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰা সকলো ধৰণৰ জীৱ-জন্তুৰ যুঁজ নিষিদ্ধ কৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে গুৱাহাটী উচ্চ ন্যায়ালয়ে অসমৰ কুকুৰা যুঁজ বন্ধ কৰাৰো নিৰ্দেশ দিয়ে৷<ref>https://assam.nenow.in/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%b9-%e0%a6%af%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%9c-%e0%a6%86%e0%a7%b0%e0%a7%81-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%ac%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf-%e0%a6%af%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%81%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%b0/</ref>
== তথ্যসূত্ৰ ==
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