কয়লা: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য
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1 নং শাৰী:
{{অনুবাদ}}
{{Infobox Rock
|name=কয়লা
|type=গেদীয়
|image=Coal anthracite.jpg
|image_caption=[[এনথ্ৰাচাইট কয়লা
|composition=কাৰ্বন]]
|composition_secondary=[[ছালফাৰ]],<br />[[হাইড্ৰ'জেন]],<br />[[অক্সিজেন]],<br />[[নাইট্ৰ'জেন]]
}}
[[File:Struktura chemiczna węgla kamiennego.svg|thumb|কয়লাৰ ৰাসায়নিক গঠনৰ উদাহৰণ]]
'''কয়লা''' ({{lang-en|Coal}}) হৈছে
== শ্ৰেণী বিভাজন ==
Line 18 ⟶ 19:
===World coal reserves===
The 948 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves estimated by the Energy Information Administration are equal to about 4,196 BBOE (billion [[barrel of oil equivalent|barrels of oil equivalent]]).<!-- (948,000*0.907186*4.879) --><ref>{{cite web | title=EIA International Energy Statistics : Coal : Recoverable Reserves | url=http://205.254.135.7/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=7&aid=6 | accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> The amount of coal burned during 2007 was estimated at 7.075 billion short tons, or 133.179 quadrillion BTU's.<ref>{{cite web | title=EIA International Energy Statistics : Coal : Consumption | url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=1&aid=2 |accessdate=10 June 2009}}</ref> This is an average of 18.8 million BTU per short ton. In terms of heat content, this is about {{convert|57000000|oilbbl}} of oil equivalent per day.<!-- 133179 trillion BTUs = 20820 MBoe, /365--> By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided {{convert|51000000|oilbbl}} of oil equivalent per day, while oil provided {{convert|85800000|oilbbl|m3}} per day.
[[BP]], in its 2007 report, estimated at 2006 end that there were 147 years [[reserves-to-production ratio]] based on ''proven'' coal reserves worldwide. This figure only includes reserves classified as "proven"; exploration drilling programs by mining companies, particularly in under-explored areas, are continually providing new reserves. In many cases, companies are aware of coal deposits that have not been sufficiently drilled to qualify as "proven". However, some nations haven't updated their information and assume reserves remain at the same levels even with withdrawals. Speculative projections predict that global [[peak coal]] production may occur sometime around 2025 at 30 percent above current production, depending on future coal production rates.<ref>''Coal: Resources and Future Production'', 47 page report by Energy Watch group, 28 March 2007 (revised 10 July 2007)</ref>
Of the three fossil fuels, coal has the most widely distributed reserves; coal is mined in over 100 countries, and on all continents except Antarctica. The largest reserves are found in the USA, Russia, China, India and Australia. Note the table below.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right;"
|+ '''Proved recoverable coal reserves at end-2008 (million tons (teragrams))'''<ref>[http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser_2010_report_1.pdf World Energy Council – Survey of Energy Resources 2010]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref>
|-
! style="width:120pt;"|Country
! style="width:100pt;"|Bituminous & Anthracite
! style="width:100pt;"|SubBituminous
! style="width:100pt;"|Lignite
! style="width:100pt;"|TOTAL
! style="width:100pt;"|Percentage of World Total
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|United States}}||108,501||98,618||30,176||237,295||22.6
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Russia}}||49,088||97,472||10,450||157,010||14.4
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|China}}||62,200||33,700||18,600||114,500||12.6
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Australia}}||37,100||2,100||37,200||76,500||8.9
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|India}}||56,100||0||4,500||60,600||7.0
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Germany}}||99||0||40,600||40,699||4.7
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Ukraine}}||15,351||16,577||1,945||33,873||3.9
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}||21,500||0||12,100||33,600||3.9
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|South Africa}}||30,156||0||0||30,156||3.5
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Serbia}}||9||361||13,400||13,770||1.6
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Colombia}}||6,366||380||0||6,746||0.8
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Canada}}||3,474||872||2,236||6,528||0.8
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Poland}}||4,338||0||1,371||5,709||0.7
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Indonesia}}||1,520||2,904||1,105||5,529||0.6
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Brazil}}||0||4,559||0||4,559||0.5
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Greece}}||0||0||3,020||3,020||0.4
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||484||0||2,369||2,853||0.3
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Mongolia}}||1,170||0||1,350||2,520||0.3
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}||2||190||2,174||2,366||0.3
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Pakistan}}||0||166||1,904||2,070||0.3
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Turkey}}||529||0||1,814||2,343||0.3
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}||47||0||1,853||1,900||0.2
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Hungary}}||13||439||1,208||1,660||0.2
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Thailand}}||0||0||1,239||1,239||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Mexico}}||860||300||51||1,211||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Iran}}||1,203||0||0||1,203||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}||192||0||908||1,100||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}||0||0||812||812||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Albania}}||0||0||794||794||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|North Korea}}||300||300||0||600||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|New Zealand}}||33||205||333-7,000||571–15,000<ref>Alan Sherwood and Jock Phillips. [http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/coal-and-coal-mining/2 Coal and coal mining – Coal resources], Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 2009-03-02</ref>||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Spain}}||200||300||30||530||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Laos}}||4||0||499||503||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}}||502||0||0||502||0.1
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Argentina}}||0||0||500||500||0.1
|-
|align="left"|All others||3,421||1,346||846||5,613||0.7
|- class="sortbottom"
!Total world ||404,762||260,789||195,387||860,938||100
|}
=== Major coal producers ===
{{See also|List of countries by coal production}}
The reserve life is an estimate based only on current production levels and proved reserves level for the countries shown, and makes no assumptions of future production or even current production trends. Countries with annual production higher than 100 million tonnes are shown. For comparison, data for the European Union is also shown.
Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right;"
|+ '''Production of Coal by Country and year (million tonnes)'''
<ref name="BPReview2011">{{cite web | url = http://www.bp.com/assets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/spreadsheets/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_report_2012.xlsx | title = BP Statistical review of world energy 2012 | publisher = British Petroleum | format = XLS | accessdate =18 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:120pt;"|Country
! style="width:100pt;"|2003
! style="width:100pt;"|2004
! style="width:100pt;"|2005
! style="width:100pt;"|2006
! style="width:100pt;"|2007
! style="width:100pt;"|2008
! style="width:100pt;"|2009
! style="width:100pt;"|2010
! style="width:100pt;"|2011
! style="width:100pt;"|Share
! style="width:100pt;"|Reserve Life (years)
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|China}}
| 1834.9
| 2122.6
| 2349.5
| 2528.6
| 2691.6
| 2802.0
| 2973.0
| 3235.0
| 3520.0
| 49.5 %
| 35
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|USA}}
| 972.3
| 1008.9
| 1026.5
| 1054.8
| 1040.2
| 1063.0
| 975.2
| 983.7
| 992.8
| 14.1 %
| 239
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|India}}
| 375.4
| 407.7
| 428.4
| 449.2
| 478.4
| 515.9
| 556.0
| 573.8
| 588.5
| 5.6 %
| 103
|-
|align="left"|''{{Flag|EU}}''
| 637.2
| 627.6
| 607.4
| 595.1
| 592.3
| 563.6
| 538.4
| 535.7
| 576.1
| 4.2 %
| 97
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Australia}}
| 350.4
| 364.3
| 375.4
| 382.2
| 392.7
| 399.2
| 413.2
| 424.0
| 415.5
| 5.8 %
| 184
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Russia}}
| 276.7
| 281.7
| 298.3
| 309.9
| 313.5
| 328.6
| 301.3
| 321.6
| 333.5
| 4.0 %
| 471
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
| 114.3
| 132.4
| 152.7
| 193.8
| 216.9
| 240.2
| 256.2
| 275.2
| 324.9
| 5.1 %
| 17
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|South Africa}}
| 237.9
| 243.4
| 244.4
| 244.8
| 247.7
| 252.6
| 250.6
| 254.3
| 255.1
| 3.6 %
| 118
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Germany}}
| 204.9
| 207.8
| 202.8
| 197.1
| 201.9
| 192.4
| 183.7
| 182.3
| 188.6
| 1.1 %
| 216
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Poland}}
| 163.8
| 162.4
| 159.5
| 156.1
| 145.9
| 144.0
| 135.2
| 133.2
| 139.2
| 1.4 %
| 41
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| 84.9
| 86.9
| 86.6
| 96.2
| 97.8
| 111.1
| 100.9
| 110.9
| 115.9
| 1.5 %
| 290
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total World
! 5,301.3
! 5,716.0
! 6,035.3
! 6,342.0
! 6,573.3
! 6,795.0
! 6,880.8
! 7,254.6
! 7,695.4
! 100 %
! 112
|}
=== Major coal exporters ===
Countries with annual gross export higher than 10 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net export the largest exporters are still [[Australia]] (328.1 millions tonnes), [[Indonesia]] (316.2) and [[Russia]] (100.2).
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right;"
|+ '''Exports of Coal by Country and year (million short tons)'''<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/supplement/pdf/suptab_114.pdf Table 114. World Metallurgical Coal Flows By Importing Regions and Exporting Countries 1,2/ (million short tons)]. eia.doe.gov</ref><ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/coal_tables.pdf World Coal Flows by Importing and Exporting Regions]. Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref><ref>[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=1&aid=4&cid=&syid=2003&eyid=2008&unit=TST EIA International Energy Annual]. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref>
|-
! style="width:120pt;"|Country
! style="width:100pt;"|2003
! style="width:100pt;"|2004
! style="width:100pt;"|2005
! style="width:100pt;"|2006
! style="width:100pt;"|2007
! style="width:100pt;"|2008
! style="width:100pt;"|2009
! style="width:100pt;"|2010
! style="width:100pt;"|Share
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Australia}}
| 238.1
| 247.6
| 255.0
| 255.0
| 268.5
| 278.0
| 288.5
| 328.1
| 27.1%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
| 107.8
| 131.4
| 142.0
| 192.2
| 221.9
| 228.2
| 261.4
| 316.2
| 26.1%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Russia}}
| 41.0
| 55.7
| 98.6
| 103.4
| 112.2
| 115.4
| 130.9
| 122.1
| 10.1%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|USA}}
| 43.0
| 48.0
| 51.7
| 51.2
| 60.6
| 83.5
| 60.4
| 83.2
| 6.9%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|South Africa}}
| 78.7
| 74.9
| 78.8
| 75.8
| 72.6
| 68.2
| 73.8
| 76.7
| 6.3%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Colombia}}
| 50.4
| 56.4
| 59.2
| 68.3
| 74.5
| 74.7
| 75.7
| 76.4
| 6.3%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Canada}}
| 27.7
| 28.8
| 31.2
| 31.2
| 33.4
| 36.5
| 31.9
| 36.9
| 3.0%
|-
|align="left"|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| 30.3
| 27.4
| 28.3
| 30.5
| 32.8
| 47.6
| 33.0
| 36.3
| 3.0%
|-
|align="left"|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| 6.9
| 11.7
| 19.8
| 23.5
| 35.1
| 21.3
| 28.2
| 24.7
| 2.0%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|China}}
| 103.4
| 95.5
| 93.1
| 85.6
| 75.4
| 68.8
| 25.2
| 22.7
| 1.9%
|-
|align="left"|{{flag|Mongolia}}
| 0.5
| 1.7
| 2.3
| 2.5
| 3.4
| 4.4
| 7.7
| 18.3
| 1.5%
|-
|align="left"|{{flag|Poland}}
| 28.0
| 27.5
| 26.5
| 25.4
| 20.1
| 16.1
| 14.6
| 18.1
| 1.5%
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
! 713.9
! 764.0
! 936.0
! 1,000.6
! 1,073.4
! 1,087.3
! 1,090.8
! 1,212.8
! 100%
|}
=== Major coal importers ===
Countries with annual gross import higher than 20 million tonnes are shown. In terms of net import the largest importers are still [[Japan]] (206.0 millions tonnes), [[China]] (172.4) and [[South Korea]] (125.8).<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=1&aid=24&cid=&syid=2006&eyid=2010&unit=TST EIA International Energy Annual: Coal Overview 2010]. Eia.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:right;"
|+ '''Imports of Coal by Country and year (million short tons)'''<ref>[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=1&pid=1&aid=3&cid=&syid=2006&eyid=2008&unit=TST International Energy Annual]. Tonto.eia.doe.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</ref>
|-
! style="width:140pt;"|Country
! style="width:100pt;"|2006
! style="width:100pt;"|2007
! style="width:100pt;"|2008
! style="width:100pt;"|2009
! style="width:100pt;"|2010
! style="width:100pt;"|Share
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Japan}}
| 199.7
| 209.0
| 206.0
| 182.1
| 206.7
| 17.5%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|China}}
| 42.0
| 56.2
| 44.5
| 151.9
| 195.1
| 16.6%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|South Korea}}
| 84.1
| 94.1
| 107.1
| 109.9
| 125.8
| 10.7%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|India}}
| 52.7
| 29.6
| 70.9
| 76.7
| 101.6
| 8.6%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Taiwan}}
| 69.1
| 72.5
| 70.9
| 64.6
| 71.1
| 6.0%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Germany}}
| 50.6
| 56.2
| 55.7
| 45.9
| 55.1
| 4.7%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Turkey}}
| 22.9
| 25.8
| 21.7
| 22.7
| 30.0
| 2.5%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 56.8
| 48.9
| 49.2
| 42.2
| 29.3
| 2.5%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Italy}}
| 27.9
| 28.0
| 27.9
| 20.9
| 23.7
| 1.9%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
| 25.7
| 29.3
| 23.5
| 22.1
| 22.8
| 1.9%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|Russia}}
| 28.8
| 26.3
| 34.6
| 26.8
| 21.8
| 1.9%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|France}}
| 24.1
| 22.1
| 24.9
| 18.3
| 20.8
| 1.8%
|-
|align="left"|{{Flag|United States}}
| 40.3
| 38.8
| 37.8
| 23.1
| 20.6
| 1.8%
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total
! 991.8
! 1,056.5
! 1,063.2
! 1,039.8
! 1,178.1
! 100%
|}
==তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ==
Line 30 ⟶ 584:
* {{cite book | last = Rottenberg | first = Dan | year = 2003 | title = In the Kingdom of Coal; An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-93522-9 | oclc = 52348860}}
* {{cite journal | author=Robert H. Williams and Eric D. Larson | title=A comparison of direct and indirect liquefaction technologies for making fluid fuels from coal | journal=Energy for Sustainable Development | month=December | year=2003 | volume=VII | pages=103–129 | url= http://www.ieiglobal.org/ESDVol7No4/dclversussicl.pdf | format = PDF}}
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