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ৰসায়নিক অভিযন্ত্ৰণ(কেমিকেল ইঞ্জিনিয়াৰিং) হ'ল প্ৰকৃতি অথবা ব্যৱহাৰিক বিঞ্জান ([[ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান]] আৰু [[পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান]]), জৈৱ বিজ্ঞান([[জীৱবিজ্ঞান]],[[অণুজীৱবিজ্ঞান]],[[জৈৱৰসায়ন]])ৰ সতে [[গণিতবিদ্যা]] আৰু [[অৰ্থনীতিৰ]] সমন্বয়ত গঢ় লোৱা অভিযান্ৰিক বিষয়ৰ এটা শাখা য'ত বিভিন্ন ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থ আৰু শক্তিৰ উৎপাদন, পৰিৱৰ্তন ,পৰিবহণ আৰু সঠিক প্ৰয়োগৰ বিষয়ে শিকোৱা হয় ।এই বিভাগত ঘাইকৈ বিভিন্ন ৰাসায়নিক পদাৰ্থ,শক্তি আৰু উৎপাদন পদ্ধতিৰ বিষয়ে আলোচনা কৰা হয় ।আধুনিক ৰসায়নিক অভিযন্তাসকল ন ন প্ৰায়োগিক পদ্ধতি আৰু পদাৰ্থৰ সতে জড়িত যিবোৰ [[নেন'প্ৰযুক্তি]],[[ইন্ধন কোষ]] আৰু [[জৈৱঅভিযন্ত্ৰণ]] বিষয়সমূহৰ বাবে অতীৱ প্ৰয়োজনীয় ।
===Etymology===
[[File:Davis GE.jpg|thumb|150px|George E. Davis.]]
A 1996 ''[[British Journal for the History of Science]]'' article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of [[sulfuric acid]].{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=172}} In the same paper however, [[George E. Davis]], an [[United Kingdom|English]] consultant, was credited for having coined the term.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=174}} The ''History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia'' puts this at around 1890.{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=176}} "Chemical engineering", describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in [[England]] after 1850.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=186}} By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States.{{sfn|Perkins|2003|p=20}}
==History==
{{main|History of chemical engineering}}
Chemical engineering emerged upon the development of [[unit operations]], a fundamental concept of the discipline chemical engineering. Most authors agree that Davis invented unit operations if not substantially developed it.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|pp=172–173}} He gave a series of lectures on unit operations at the [[Manchester Technical School]] ([[University of Manchester]] today) in 1887, considered to be one of the earliest such about chemical engineering.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=175}} Three years before Davis' lectures, [[Henry Edward Armstrong]] taught a degree course in chemical engineering at the [[City and Guilds of London Institute]]. Armstrong's course "failed simply because its graduates ... were not especially attractive to employers." Employers of the time would have rather hired chemists and [[mechanical engineers]].{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=176}} Courses in chemical engineering offered by [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in the United States, [[Owen's College]] in [[Manchester]], [[England]] and [[University College London]] suffered under similar circumstances.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=178}}
[[File:MIT Industrial Chemistry Lab.gif|thumb|Students inside an industrial chemistry laboratory at MIT.|left|250px]]
Starting from 1888,{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=180}} [[Lewis M. Norton]] taught at MIT the first chemical engineering course in the United States. Norton's course was contemporaneous and essentially similar with Armstrong's course. Both courses, however, simply merged chemistry and engineering subjects. "Its practitioners had difficulty convincing engineers that they were engineers and chemists that they were not simply chemists."{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=176}} Unit operations was introduced into the course by [[William Hultz Walker]] in 1905.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=183}} By the early 1920s, unit operations became an important aspect of chemical engineering at MIT and other US universities, as well as at [[Imperial College London]].{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=184}} The [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (AIChE), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations central to chemical engineering. For instance, it defined chemical engineering to be a "science of itself, the basis of which is ... unit operations" in a 1922 report; and with which principle, it had published a list of academic institutions which offered "satisfactory" chemical engineering courses.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=187}} Meanwhile, promoting chemical engineering as a distinct science in Britain lead to the establishment of the [[Institution of Chemical Engineers]] (IChemE) in 1922.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=189}} IChemE likewise helped make unit operations considered essential to the discipline.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=190}}
===New concepts and innovations===
By the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone was insufficient in developing [[chemical reactor]]s. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, [[Transport phenomena (engineering & physics)|transport phenomena]] started to experience greater focus.{{sfn|Cohen|1996|p=185}} Along with other novel concepts, such [[process systems engineering]] (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined.{{sfn|Ogawa|2007|p=2}}{{sfn|Perkins|2003|p=29}} Transport phenomena gave an [[systems analysis|analytical]] approach to chemical engineering{{sfn|Perkins|2003|p=30}} while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as [[control system]] and [[Process design (chemical engineering)|process design]].{{sfn|Perkins|2003|p=31}} Developments in chemical engineering before and after [[World War II]] were mainly incited by the [[petrochemical industry]],{{sfn|Reynolds|2001|p=177}} however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in [[biochemical engineering]] in the 1940s, for example, found application in the [[pharmaceutical industry]], and allowed for the [[mass production]] of various [[antibiotic]]s, including [[penicillin]] and [[streptomycin]].{{sfn|Perkins|2003|pp=32–33}} Meanwhile, progress in [[polymer science]] in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".{{sfn|Kim|2002|p=7S}}
===Safety and hazard developments===
Concerns regarding the safety and environmental impact of large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities were also raised during this period. ''[[Silent Spring]]'', published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects of [[DDT]], a potent [[insecticide]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}. The 1974 [[Flixborough disaster]] in the United Kingdom resulted in 28 deaths, as well as damage to a [[chemical plant]] and three nearby villages{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}. The 1984 [[Bhopal disaster]] in [[India]] resulted in almost 4,000 deaths {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}. These incidents, along with [[List of industrial disasters|other incidents]], affected the reputation of the trade as [[industrial safety]] and [[environmental protection]] were given more focus.{{sfn|Kim|2002|p=8S}} In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as [[France]], [[Germany]], and the United States.{{sfn|Perkins|2003|p=35}}
===Recent progress===
Advancements in [[computer science]] found applications designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously had to be done manually. The completion of the [[Human Genome Project]] is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering but [[genetic engineering]] and [[genomics]] as well.{{sfn|Kim|2002|p=9S}} Chemical engineering principles were used to produce [[DNA sequences]] in large quantities.{{sfn|American Institute of Chemical Engineers|2003a}}
==Concepts==
{{chemical engineering}}
Chemical engineering involves the application of several principles. Key concepts are presented below.
===Chemical reaction engineering===
{{main|Chemical reaction engineering}}
Chemical engineering involves managing plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation. Chemical reaction engineers construct models for reactor analysis and design using laboratory data and physical parameters, such as [[chemical thermodynamics]], to solve problems and predict reactor performance.{{sfn|Carberry|2001|pp=1–2}}
===Plant design===
Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specification, and economic analyses for [[pilot plant]]s, new plants or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by a number of factors, including funding, government regulations and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, materials and equipment.{{sfn|Towler|Sinnott|2008|pp=2–3}}
===Process design===
{{main|Process design}}
A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as [[crystallization]], [[drying]] and [[evaporation]]) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors.{{sfn|McCabe|Smith|Hariott|1993|p=4}} On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such as [[nitration]] and [[oxidation]]) involve the conversion of material by [[biochemical]], [[thermochemical]] and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are called process engineers.{{sfn|Silla|2003|pp=8–9}}
===Transport phenomena===
{{main|Transport phenomena}}
Transport phenomena occur frequently in industrial problems. These include [[fluid dynamics]], [[heat transfer]] and [[mass transfer]], which mainly concern [[momentum transfer]], [[energy transfer]] and transport of [[chemical species]] respectively. Basic equations for describing the three phenomena in the [[macroscopic scale|macroscopic]], [[microscopic scale|microscopic]] and [[molecular]] levels are very similar. Thus, understanding transport phenomena requires thorough understanding of mathematics.{{sfn|Bird|Stewart|Lightfoot|2002|pp=1–2}}
==Applications and practice==
[[File:Chemengg.jpg|thumb|left|Chemical engineers use computers to manage automated systems in plants.{{sfn|Garner|2003|pp=47–48}}|alt=Two computer flat screens showing a plant process management application]]
[[Chemical engineer]]s "develop economic ways of using materials and energy".{{sfn|American Institute of Chemical Engineers|2003|loc=Article III}} Chemical engineers use [[chemistry]] and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in [[waste management]] and research. Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers.{{sfn|Garner|2003|pp=47–48}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0205-015, Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld, Produktion von Weißtönern.jpg|left|thumb|Operators in a chemical plant using an older analog control board, seen in East-Germany, 1986.]]
A chemical engineer may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked in designing and performing experiments to create new and better ways of production, controlling pollution, conserving resources and making these processes safer. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a [[project engineer]]. In this field, the chemical engineer uses their knowledge in selecting plant equipment and the optimum method of production to minimize costs and increase profitability. After its construction, they may help in upgrading its equipment. They may also be involved in its daily operations. {{sfn|Garner|2003|pp=49–50}} Chemical engineers may be permanently employed at chemical plants to manage operations. Alternatively, they may serve in a consultant role to troubleshoot problems, manage process changes and otherwise assist plant operators.
==Related fields and topics==
Today, the field of chemical engineering is a diverse one, covering areas from [[biotechnology]] and [[nanotechnology]] to [[mineral processing]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*[[Biochemical engineering]]
*[[Bioprocess engineering]]
*[[Bioinformatics]]
*[[Biomedical engineering]]
*[[Biomolecular engineering]]
*[[Biotechnology]]
*[[Biotechnology engineering]]
*[[Catalysts]]
*[[Ceramic]]s
*[[Chemical process modeling]]
*[[Chemical Technologist]]
*[[Chemical reactor]]
*[[Chemical weapons]]
*[[Cheminformatics]]
*[[Computational fluid dynamics]]
*[[Corrosion engineering]]
*[[Cost estimation]]
*[[Electrochemistry]]
*[[Environmental engineering]]
*[[Earthquake engineering]]
*[[Fischer Tropsch synthesis]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[Fluid dynamics]]
*[[Food engineering]]
*[[Fuel cell]]
*[[Gasification]]
*[[Heat transfer]]
*[[Industrial gas]]
*[[Industrial catalysts]]
*[[Mass transfer]]
*[[Materials science]]
*[[Metallurgy]]
*[[Microfluidics]]
*[[Mineral processing]]
*[[Molecular engineering]]
*[[Nanotechnology]]
*[[Natural environment]]
*[[Natural gas processing]]
*[[Nuclear reprocessing]]
*[[Oil exploration]]
*[[Oil refinery]]
*[[Pharmaceutical engineering]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[Plastics engineering]]
*[[Polymer]]s
*[[Process control]]
*[[Process design (chemical engineering)|Process design]]
*[[Process development]]
*[[Process engineering]]
*[[Process miniaturization]]
*[[Paper engineering]]
*[[Safety engineering]]
*[[Semiconductor device fabrication]]
*[[Separation process]]es (see also: [[separation of mixture]])
**[[Crystallization processes]]
**[[Distillation|Distillation processes]]
**[[Membrane technology|Membrane processes]]
*[[Syngas production]]
*[[Textile engineering]]
*[[Thermodynamics]]
*[[Transport phenomena]]
*[[Unit operations]]
*[[Water technology]]
{{Col-end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}
==Bibliography==
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{{refend}}
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