সাঁচ:Cite AV media/doc
এয়া হৈছে ‘সাঁচ:Cite AV media’ শীৰ্ষক সাঁচটোৰ নথিকৰণৰ উপপৃষ্ঠা। ইয়াত সাঁচটো ব্যৱহাৰৰ তথ্য, শ্ৰেণীসমূহ, আন্তঃৱিকি সংযোগবোৰ আৰু অন্য সমল থাকে, যিবোৰ মূল সাঁচ পৃষ্ঠাটোৰ অংশ নহয়। |
Do not use this template to cite material that violates copyright law. Citations to such material must either be replaced with a non-copyvio source or removed immediately. |
এই সাঁচে লুৱা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে: |
{{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints |
---|---|
{{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual |
{{Cite AV media notes}} | audio and visual liner notes |
{{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv preprints |
{{Cite book}} | books |
{{Cite conference}} | conference papers |
{{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections |
{{Cite episode}} | radio or television episodes |
{{Cite interview}} | interviews |
{{Cite journal}} | academic journals and papers |
{{Cite magazine}} | magazines, periodicals |
{{Cite mailing list}} | public mailing lists |
{{Cite map}} | maps |
{{Cite news}} | news articles |
{{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups |
{{Cite podcast}} | audio or video podcast |
{{Cite press release}} | press releases |
{{Cite report}} | reports |
{{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials |
{{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques |
{{Cite speech}} | speeches |
{{Cite techreport}} | technical reports |
{{Cite thesis}} | theses |
{{Cite web}} | any resource accessible through a URL |
See also: | |
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for . For media in episodic or serial format, use {{cite episode}} or {{cite serial}}. To cite liner notes and other print media associated with audio or visual media, use {{cite AV media notes}}
.
Usage
সম্পাদনা কৰকCopy a blank version to use. All parameter names must be in lowercase. Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Delete unused parameters to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples may include the current date. If the date is not current, then
the page.Horizontal list:
{{cite AV media |people= |date= |title= |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url= |access-date= |archive-url= |archive-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }}
Vertical format:
{{cite AV media | people = | date = | title = | trans-title = | medium = | language = | url = | access-date = | archive-url = | archive-date = | format = | time = | location = | publisher = | id = | isbn = | oclc = | quote = | ref = }}
Examples
সম্পাদনা কৰকParameters
সম্পাদনা কৰকSyntax
সম্পাদনা কৰকNested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.); this can be an issue when the last field in an abbreviation or initial with a period, as two periods then display. The only solution is to not include the last period in the value for the set of fields.
COinS
সম্পাদনা কৰকThis template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata; see Wikipedia:COinS.
- Be careful using templates within the citation template, as many will add a lot of extraneous HTML or CSS that will be rendered in the meta-data.
- Known templates that should not be used: {{smallcaps}}.
Deprecated
সম্পাদনা কৰকThese parameters are deprecated and will no longer work. Use will place the page in Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters.
- access-date · accessed · accessdaymonth · accessday · accessmonthday · accessmonth · accessyear: Use accessdate to include the full date of access.
- day: Use date to include the day, month and year.
- dateformat · doilabel: These parameters are no longer supported.
Description
সম্পাদনা কৰকAuthors
সম্পাদনা কৰক- last: Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use authorlink instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: last, author, authors, last1, author1
- first: Given or first names of author, including title(s); for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use authorlink instead. Aliases: first, first1.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through last9, first9 for up to nine authors. By default, if nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and "et al." will show in place of the last author. Aliases: last1, author1 through last9, author9.
- authorlink: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: authorlink, authorlink1, author-link, author1-link.
- OR: for multiple authors, use authorlink1 through authorlink9. Aliases: authorlink1, author1-link through authorlink9, author9-link.
- When using Shortened footnotes or Parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Title
সম্পাদনা কৰক- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics.
- trans_title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; if url is defined, then trans_title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.
newline | [ | ] | | |
---|---|---|---|
space | [ | ] | | |
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, CD liner, Press release. Use one of the following as applicable: Motion picture, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Trailer, Video game, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast.
সাঁচ:Citation Style documentation/chapter
- language: The language the source is written in, if not English. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name. Use the full language name; do not use icons or templates.
Date
সম্পাদনা কৰক- date: Full date of source being referenced in the same format as other publication dates in the citations.[1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after publisher.
- OR: year: Year of source being referenced.
- month: Name of the month of publication. If you also have the day, use date instead; do not wikilink.
- origyear: Original publication year; displays after the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics; example:
|origyear=First published 1859
or|origyear=Composed 1904
.
- ↑ Publication dates in article references should all have the same format. See MOS:DATEUNIFY.
Publisher
সম্পাদনা কৰক- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. Not normally included for periodicals. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc" or "GmbH" are not usually included. Displays after title; if work is defined, then publisher and location are enclosed in parentheses.
- location: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the location; examples: The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays preceding publisher.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.
Edition, series, volume
সম্পাদনা কৰক- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised" etc. Displays " ed." after this field, so
|edition=2nd
produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays in bold after the title and series fields; if bolding is not desired, then include the volume information in the title field.
In-source locations
সম্পাদনা কৰকসাঁচ:Citation Style documentation/time
- page: Page in the source that supports the content. Displays preceded with
unlessp.
|nopp=y
. - OR: pages: Pages in the source that supports the content; separate page ranges with an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded with
unlesspp.
|nopp=y
.- nopp: Set to y to suppress the
orp.
notations where this is inappropriate; for example, wherepp.
|page=Front cover
.
- nopp: Set to y to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=
or|pages=
.
- Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
URL
সম্পাদনা কৰক- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Do not link to any commercial booksellers such as Amazon.com; see WP:PAGELINKS.
- accessdate: Full date when URL was accessed; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations;[1] do not wikilink. Can be hidden by registered editors.
- archiveurl: The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. Typically used to refer to services like WebCite and the Internet Archive; requires archivedate.
- archivedate: Date when the item was archived; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations;[1] do not wikilink. Displays preceded by "archived from the original on".
- deadurl: When the URL is still live, but preemptively archived, then set
|deadurl=no
. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end.
- template doc demo: The archive parameters have error checking to ensure that all the required parameters are included, else {{citation error}} is invoked. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set
|template doc demo=true
to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
- format: Format of the work referred to by url; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; HTML is implied and should not be specified; displayed in parentheses after title. Does not change external link icon.
- URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme:
http://
andhttps://
will be supported by all browsers;irc://
,ircs://
,ftp://
,news:
,mailto:
andgopher://
will require a plugin or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. - If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters they will display and link incorrectly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by
%20
. To encode the URL, replace these characters:
sp | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | | | } |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%20 | %22 | %27 | %3c | %3e | %5b | %5d | %7c | %7d |
- Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; but unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; but an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Access and archive dates in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See MOS:DATEUNIFY.
Anchor
সম্পাদনা কৰক- ref: ID for anchor. By default, no anchor is generated. The ordinary nonempty value
|ref=ID
generates an anchor with the given ID; such a linkable reference can be made the target of wikilinks to full references, especially useful in short citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The special value|ref=harv
generates an anchor suitable for the {{harv}} template; see anchors for Harvard referencing templates.
Identifiers
সম্পাদনা কৰক- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use a template as applicable.
- arxiv: ArXiv.
- asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
co.jp
,co.uk
,ca
,cn
,fr
,de
,it
,es
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode: Bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; example: 1924MNRAS..84..308E.
- doi: Digital object identifier; example: 10.1038/news070508-7; checked to ensure it begins with
; if not an error shows and the page is placed in Category:Pages with DOI errors.10.
- doi_brokendate: Date the DOI is broken; use the same format as other dates in the article.
- isbn: International Standard Book Number such as 978-0812695939; see Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN. Dashes in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the 13-digit ISBN where possible; this can normally be found beneath the barcode as a number beginning 978 or 979. For sources with the older 9 digit SBN system, prefix the number with a zero; thus SBN 812695-93-3 should be entered as
|isbn=0812695-93-3
. - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an N-dash or a space.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik.
- jstor: JSTOR abstract.
- lccn: Library of Congress Control Number.
- mr: Mathematical Reviews.
- oclc: Online Computer Library Center.
- ol: Open Library.
- osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
- pmc: PubMed Central article number for full-text free repository of an article.
- pmid: PubMed Unique Identifier.
- rfc: Request for Comments.
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network.
- zbl: Zentralblatt MATH.
Quote
সম্পাদনা কৰক- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation.
Editors
সম্পাদনা কৰক- editor-last: Surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last, editor1-last, editor, editors.
- editor-first: Given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first, editor1-first.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-last, editor1-first through editor4-last, editor4-first for up to four editors.
- editor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link, editor1-link.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor1-link through editor4-link.
- Display:
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."; more than three editors will be followed by "et al., eds."
Laysummary
সম্পাদনা কৰক- laysummary: URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source; the URL title is set to "Lay summary".
- laysource: Name of the source of the laysummary. Displays in italics and preceded by an endash.
- laydate: Date of the summary. Displays in parentheses.
Display options
সম্পাদনা কৰক- author-mask: Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value to set the dash in em spaces; set author-mask to a text value to display a word instead; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use in bibliographies for some styles where multiple works by a single author are listed. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}},
<references></references>
or similar as there is no control as to the order that references will display. - author-name-separator: Changes the separator between last and first names; defaults to a comma and space (, ); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as   do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup.
- author-separator: Changes the separator between authors; defaults to a semicolon and space (; ); if the parameter is present, but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; a space must be encoded as   do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup.
- display-authors: By default, the number of authors displayed is limited to 8; if 9 are provided, the ninth is displayed as "et al." This parameter allows display of fewer authors before the "et al."; example:
|display-authors=2
; "et al." may be suppressed altogether by setting|display-authors=9
. - lastauthoramp: When set to any value, changes the separator to use between the last two names in lists of authors to an ampersand (&); defaults to a semicolon and space (; ), else author-separator if set.
- postscript: The closing punctuation for the citation; defaults to a period (.); if the parameter is present, but blank, no terminating punctuation will be used. Ignored if quote is defined.
- separator: The punctuation used to separate lists of authors, editors, etc. Defaults to a period (.); if the parameter is present but blank, no separator punctuation will be used; do not use an asterisk (*), colon (:) or hash (#) as they will be interpreted as wikimarkup.
Subscription or registration required
সম্পাদনা কৰকসাঁচ:Citation Style documentation/registration
|
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This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
TemplateData
সম্পাদনা কৰকSee the monthly error report for this template.
TemplateData for Cite AV media
This template formats a citation to audiovisual media sources.
পেৰামিটাৰ | বিৱৰণ | প্ৰকাৰ | স্থিতি | |
---|---|---|---|---|
URL | url URL | The URL of the online location where the media can be found | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Source title | title | The title of the source page on the website; displays in quotes | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Source date | date | Full date of the source; do not wikilink | তাৰিখ | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Author last name | last author author1 authors last1 people | The surname of the author; Do not wikilink - use author-link instead. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Author first name | first first1 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Media type | type | Media type of the source; format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. Use one of the following as applicable: Motion picture, Television production, Videotape, DVD, Trailer, Video game, CD, Radio broadcast, Podcast. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Language | language | The language the source is written in, if not English. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name. Use the full language name or ISO 639-1 code. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | প্ৰস্তাৱিত |
Publisher | publisher | Name of the publisher; displays after title | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Year | year | Year of source being referenced. Do not use in combination with 'Source date'. | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
English translation of title | trans-title | The English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use with the language parameter. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Author article title | author-link authorlink1 authorlink author1-link author1link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author — not the author's website. | পৃষ্ঠাৰ নাম | ঐচ্ছিক |
Other contributors | others | Other contributors to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Place of publication | place location | Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the location. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Original publication year | orig-year | Original publication year; displays after the date or year. For clarity, please supply specifics - such as 'First published 1859'. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Place of publication (Alternate) | publication-place | If any one of publication-place, place or location are defined, then the location shows after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location are shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Edition | edition | When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends " ed." after the field. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Series | series version | When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Volume | volume | For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; displays in bold | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
In-source location: Minutes | minutes | Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
In-source location: Time | time | Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at time". | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
In-source location: Time caption | time-caption timecaption | Changes the default text displayed before time | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
In-source location: Page | page | The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use 'pages' instead for a range of pages. | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
In-source location: At | at | For when other in-source locations are inappropriate or insufficient. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
URL: Access date | access-date accessdate | Full date when the contents pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink | তাৰিখ | ঐচ্ছিক |
URL: Archive URL | archive-url archiveurl | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the url becomes unavailable. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
URL: Archive date | archive-date archivedate | Date when the original URL was archived; preceded by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. | তাৰিখ | ঐচ্ছিক |
URL: Original is dead | dead-url deadurl | When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, set to No. This changes the display order with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Format | format | Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Anchor ID | ref | Generates anchor with the given ID, allowing it to be made the target of wikilinks to full references. The special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv template. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier | id | A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: arXiv | arxiv | arXiv identifier; for example: arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or arxiv=0706.0001 (since April 2007). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: ASIN | asin | Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: Bibcode | bibcode | Bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: DOI | doi | Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with 10. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: ISBN | isbn | International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. Dashes in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: ISSN | issn | International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: JFM | jfm | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: JSTOR | jstor | JSTOR abstract; for example: "3793107" | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: LCCN | lccn | Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: Mathematical Reviews | mr | কোনো বিৱৰণ নাই | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: OCLC | oclc | Online Computer Library Center | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: Open Library | ol | Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value. | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: OSTI | osti | Office of Scientific and Technical Information | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: PMC | pmc | PubMed Central; use article number for full-text free repository of a journal article, e.g. 345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: PMID | pmid | PubMed; use unique identifier | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: RFC | rfc | Request for Comments | সংখ্যা | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: SSRN | ssrn | Social Science Research Network | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Identifier: ZBL | zbl | কোনো বিৱৰণ নাই | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |
Quote | quote | Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation. | ষ্ট্ৰিং | ঐচ্ছিক |