উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান
উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান, (ইংৰাজী: Botany; plant science(s) বা plant biology বুলিও কোৱা হয়।) উদ্ভিদৰ জীৱন বিজ্ঞান, জীৱবিজ্ঞানৰ এটা শাখা। এই শাখাৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰা বিজ্ঞানী সকলক উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞানী বা উদ্ভিদবিদ বুলি কোৱা হয়। পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে, উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান বুলিলে, ভেঁকুৰ আৰু শেলাইৰ অধ্যয়নকো সাঙুৰি লোৱা হয়। বৰ্তমান, উদ্ভিদবিদসকলে প্ৰায় ৪,০০,০০০ বিধ জীৱিত প্ৰজাতিৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰে[1] ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰায় ২,৬০,০০০ বিধ সংবহনী উদ্ভিদ আৰু প্ৰায় ২,৪৮,০০০ বিধ সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ। [2]
উনবিংশ আৰু বিংশ শতিকাত, উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত পোহৰ অণুবীক্ষণবিদ্যা আৰু জীৱন্ত কোষৰ চিত্ৰায়ন, বিদ্যুৎ অণুবীক্ষণবিদ্যা, ক্ৰ'ম'জমৰ সংখ্যাৰ বিশ্লেষণ, উদ্ভিদ ৰসায়ন আৰু উৎসেচক আৰু অন্য প্ৰ'টিনৰ গঠন আৰু কাৰ্য আদিৰ দৰে নতুন কৌশল উদ্ভাৱন হৈছিল।
আধুনিক উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা, বিজ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰযুক্তিৰ অন্য বহু ক্ষেত্ৰক সাঙুৰি লোৱা এটা বহুধাবিভক্ত বিষয়। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত উদ্ভিদৰ গঠন, বিকাশ আৰু ভিন্নতা, প্ৰজনন, জৈৱৰসায়ন আৰু পৰিপাক ক্ৰিয়া, ৰাসায়নিক উৎপাদ, বিকাশ, ৰোগ, বংশগতি, শ্ৰেণীবিভাজন, আৰু বৰ্গীকৰণ আদি বিষয়বস্তুৰ গৱেষণা কৰা হয়। একবিংশ শতিকাত উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাৰ সৰ্বাধিক অধ্যয়ন কৰা বিষয়বস্তু আছিল আনবিক বংশগতি আৰু এপিজেনেটিক্স। উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা অধ্যয়নৰ কিছুমান প্ৰধান প্ৰয়োগক্ষেত্ৰ হৈছে প্ৰমুখ্য ভোজন আৰু ৰেছম, আধুনিক উদ্যানকৃষি, কৃষি আৰু বনাঞ্চল, উদ্ভিদৰ বিস্তাৰ, উদ্ভিদ প্ৰজনন আৰু জিনীয় উৎপৰিবৰ্তন, ৰসায়নৰ সংশ্লেষণ, নিৰ্মাণ আৰু শক্তি আহৰণৰ কেঁচামাল, প্ৰাকৃতিক পৰিচালনা, জৈৱবিচিত্ৰতাৰ সংৰক্ষণ।
পৰিসৰ আৰু গুৰুত্ব
সম্পাদনা কৰকমানুহ বা অন্য জীৱৰ শ্বসন আৰু শক্তি আহৰণৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় অক্সিজেন আৰু খাদ্যৰ সিংহভাগেই উদ্ভিদে প্ৰদান কৰে বাবে উদ্ভদবিদ্যা এটা অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়। উদ্ভিদ, শেলাই আৰু চাইনবেক্টেৰিয়াবোৰে সালোক সংশ্লেষণৰ যোগেদি, সৌৰ শক্তিৰ সহায়ত পানী আৰু কাৰ্বন ডাইঅক্সাইডক ৰাসায়নিক শক্তিলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰি[3] শৰ্কৰাত আবদ্ধ কৰে। এই শৰ্কৰা ৰাসায়নিক শক্তি আৰু কোষৰ গাঠনৰ বাবে প্ৰয়োজনীয় জৈৱ যৌগৰ উৎস হিচাপে ব্যৱহৃত হয়। [4] সালোক সংশ্লেষণৰ অৱশিষ্ট উৎপাদ হিচাপে, প্ৰায় সকলো জীৱৰ কোষীয় শ্বসনৰ বাবে অত্যাৱশ্যকীয় গেছ, অক্সিজেন বায়ুমণ্ডলত মুক্ত কৰে। ইয়াৰোপৰি, উদ্ভিদে গোলকীয় কাৰ্বন আৰু জল চক্ৰত অৰিহনা যোগাই উদ্ভিদৰ শিপাই ভু-ক্ষয় প্ৰতিৰোধ কৰি ভূমি সংৰক্ষণ কৰে। [5] উদ্ভিদ মানৱ জাতিৰ ভৱিষ্যতৰ বাবে অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কিয়নো উদ্ভিদে খাদ্য, অক্সিজেন, ভেষজ, আৰু অন্য উৎপাদ উপলব্দ কৰাৰ লগতে মাটিৰ সৃষ্টি আৰু সংৰক্ষণ কৰে। [6]
ঐতিহাসিকভাৱে, সকলো জীৱক হয় প্ৰাণী নহয় উদ্ভিদ বুলি কোৱা হয়[7] আৰু উদ্ভিদবিদ্যাত প্ৰাণী হিচাপে গণ্য নকৰা সকলো জীৱৰ অধ্যয়ন কৰা হয়। [8] উদ্ভিদবিদসকলে উদ্ভিদ অংগানু, কোষ, কলা, উদ্ভিদ, উদ্ভিদ জনসংখ্যা আৰু উদ্ভিদ সমাজৰ আভ্যন্তৰিণ কাৰ্য আৰু প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সম্পৰ্কে অধ্যয়ন কৰে। দুয়ো ক্ষেত্ৰতে, উদ্ভিদবিদজন শ্ৰেণাবিভাজন (বৰ্গীকৰণ), উদ্ভিদ বংশগতি আৰু বিৱৰ্তন, গঠন (শৰীৰ ৰচনা আৰু বাহ্যিক গঠনবিদ্যা), বা উদ্ভিদৰ কাৰ্য (ভৌতিক ক্ৰিয়া)ৰ সৈতে জড়িত থাকে। [9]
মানৱ পুষ্টি
সম্পাদনা কৰকসকলো প্ৰমুখ্য খাদ্য উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে প্ৰাথমিক উৎপাদনৰূপে, বা উদ্ভিদক খাদ্যৰূপে গ্ৰহণ কৰা জীৱৰূপে পৰোক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। [10] উদ্ভিদ বা অন্য সালোকসংশ্লেশী জীৱবোৰ সদায়ে খাদ্য শৃংখলৰ একেবাৰে তলত অৱস্থান গ্ৰহণ কৰে কাৰণ ইহঁতে সূৰ্যৰ পৰা শক্তি আহৰণ কৰে আৰু মাটি আৰু বায়ুমণ্ডলৰ পৰা খাদ্য প্ৰস্তুত কৰে আৰু অন্য জীৱই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পৰা ৰূপলৈ পৰিবৰ্তন কৰে। সেইবাবে পৰিস্থিতিবিদসকলে ইহঁতক প্ৰথম পোষক স্তৰ বুলি কয়। [11]
উদ্ভিদ জৈৱৰসায়ন
সম্পাদনা কৰকউদ্ভিদে কেনেদৰে ৰাসায়নিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়া সংঘটিত কৰে, উদ্ভিদ জৈৱৰসায়নত সেয়া অধ্যয়ন কৰা হয়। এনে কিছুমান প্ৰক্ৰিয়া প্ৰাথমিক পৰিপাকক্ৰিয়াত সংঘটিত হয়, যেনে- সালোকসংশ্লেষীয় কেলভিন চক্ৰ। [12] অন্য কিছুমান বিশেষ পদাৰ্থ গঠনত সংঘটিত হয়, যেনে- চেলুলজ আৰু লিগনিনৰ গঠন, আৰু ৰেজিনৰ দৰে গৌণ উংপাদৰ গঠন।
ঔষধ আৰু পদাৰ্থ
সম্পাদনা কৰকউদ্ভিদে বহুতো পদাৰ্থৰ উৎপাদন কৰে। [13] ইয়াৰে কিছুমান বিষাক্ত আৰু কিছুমান অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। বহু উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা সুগন্ধি, মছলা আৰু ঔষধ আহৰণ কৰা হয়। বহু ঔষধ, যেনে- টেট্ৰাহাইড্ৰকেনাবিনল (কেনবিছৰ সক্ৰিয় উপাদান), কেফেইন, মৰফিন আৰু নিকটাইন উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। আনহাতে অন্য কিছুমান পৰোক্ষভাৱে আহৰণ কৰা হয়, যেনে- এছপিৰিণ বেদনানাশকবিধ প্ৰকৃততে ছেলিচাইক্লিক এচিডৰ এচিটাইল এষ্টাৰ, যিটো ৱিল্লৌ গছৰ বাকলিৰ পৰা আহৰণ কৰা হয়। [14] অধিকাংশ সূৰাজাতীয় পদাৰ্থ শৰ্কৰা-সমৃদ্ধ উদ্ভিদজাত সামগ্ৰী, যেনে- বাৰ্লি (বিয়েৰ), চাউল (ছেক) আৰু আঙুৰ (মদ) আদিৰ পৰা কিন্বন পদ্ধতিৰে আহৰণ কৰা হয়। [15]
উদ্ভিদৰ পৰা ৰঙীন ডাই আৰু ৰঞ্জক আহৰণ কৰা হয়।
চেনি, স্বেতসাৰ, কপাহ, লিনেন, hemp, কিছুমান ৰছী, কাঠ আৰু তক্তা, কাগজ, উদ্ভিদজাত তেল, মম, আৰু ৰবৰ প্ৰকৃতৰে উদ্ভিদৰে গৌণ উৎপাদ। কয়লা, উদ্ভিদৰে অৱদান। চেলুলজ, এবিধ জৈৱিক বহুযোগী,[16] ইয়াক শক্তি, ইন্ধন, অন্য পদাৰ্থ, যেনে- ৰেয়ন আদিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা হয়।
উদ্ভিদ হৰম'ন
সম্পাদনা কৰককিছুমান উদ্ভিদ হৰম'নৰ নাম হৈছে:
- অক্সিন, ইণ্ডল-৩-এচিটিক এচিড (IAA): কোষ বৃদ্ধিৰ লগত জড়িত।
- চাইটকাইনিন: কোষ বিভাজনৰ লগত জড়িত।
- জিয়াটিন: কোষ বিভাজন, মুকুলৰ বিকাশ আদি।
- জিবাৰেলিন, যেনে- জিবাৰলিক এচিড: অংকুৰণত সহায় কৰে।
- এচকৰ্বিক এচিড (ABA): বীজৰ গঠন।
- ইথিলিন: ফল পকাত সহায় কৰে।
- জেছমনেট: প্ৰতিৰক্ষাৰ লগত জড়িত।
তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ
সম্পাদনা কৰক- ↑ Bold 1977, পৃষ্ঠা. 7.
- ↑ Judd et al. 2002, পৃষ্ঠা. 2.
- ↑ Campbell et al. 2008, পৃষ্ঠা. 186–187.
- ↑ Campbell et al. 2008, পৃষ্ঠা. 1240.
- ↑ Gust 1996.
- ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden 2009.
- ↑ Chapman et al. 2001, পৃষ্ঠা. 56.
- ↑ Braselton 2013.
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, পৃষ্ঠা. 5368.
- ↑ Ben-Menahem 2009, পৃষ্ঠা. 5367–5368.
- ↑ Butz 2007, পৃষ্ঠা. 534–553.
- ↑ Lüttge 2006, পৃষ্ঠা. 7–25.
- ↑ Benderoth et al. 2006, পৃষ্ঠা. 9118–9123.
- ↑ Jeffreys 2005, পৃষ্ঠা. 38–40.
- ↑ University of Maryland Medical Center 2011.
- ↑ Klemm et al. 2005.
প্ৰসংগ
সম্পাদনা কৰক- Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava (2008). Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. প্ৰকাশক Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. ISBN 81-7910-252-1.
- Addelson, Barbara (December 2003). "Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers". Botanical Gardens Conservation International. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130523155525/http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: June 8, 2013.
- Anderson, Edward F. (2001). The Cactus Family. প্ৰকাশক Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-498-5.
- Armstrong, G. A.; Hearst, J. E. (1996). "Carotenoids 2: Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis". FASEB J. খণ্ড 10 (2): 228–37. PMID 8641556.
- Becker, Burkhard; Marin, Birger (2009). "Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes". Annals of Botany (Oxford: Oxford University Press) খণ্ড 103 (7): 999–1004. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp044. PMID 19273476. PMC 2707909. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/7/999.abstract। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: June 16, 2013.
- Beerling, D. J.; Osborne, C. P.; Chaloner, W. G. (2001). "Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era". Nature খণ্ড 410 (6826): 352–4. doi:10.1038/35066546. PMID 11268207.
- Benderoth, Markus; Textor, Susanne; Windsor, Aaron J.; Mitchell-Olds, Thomas; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Kroymann, Juergen (June 2006). "Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.) খণ্ড 103 (24): 9118–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601738103. PMID 16754868.
- Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. 1. প্ৰকাশক Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-68831-5.
- Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A. (1902). The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction. প্ৰকাশক London: Longmans, Green, and Co.. https://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR30। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: June 27, 2012.
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ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্সত Botany সম্পৰ্কীয় মিডিয়া ফাইল আছে। |
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Botany |
- Botany বিষয়ে Curlie (DMOZ)-ত থকা তথ্য
- Botany databases at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
- High quality pictures of plants and information about them Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine from Catholic University of Leuven
- Native Plant Information Network
- USDA plant database
- The Virtual Library of Botany
- Larry Oglesby Collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library