ফাৰ্চী ভাষা
ফাৰ্চী ভাষা বা পাৰ্ছিয়ান ভাষা (ইংৰাজী: Persian language) হৈছে এটা পশ্চিমীয় ইৰাণীয় ভাষা যিটো ইণ্ডো ইউৰোপীয়ান ভাষাসমূহৰ ইণ্ডো ইৰাণীয়ান বিভাগৰ ইৰাণীয়ান শাখা। এই ভাষাটো ইৰান, আফগানিস্তান আৰু তাজিকিস্তানত ক্ৰমে ইৰাণীয়ান ফাৰ্চী, ডাৰি ফাৰ্চী (১৯৫৮ চনৰ পৰা চৰকাৰীভাৱে ডাৰি)[9] আৰু তাজিক ফাৰ্চী (ছোভিয়েটৰ সময়ৰ পৰা কেৱল তাজিক)[10] হিচাপে তিনিটা বিশেষ ৰূপত চৰকাৰীভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। তদুপৰি ইয়াৰ তাজিক ৰূপটো উজবেকিস্তানত বৃহৎ সংখ্যক লোকে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে।[11][12][13] ইৰান আৰু আফগানিস্তানত আৰবী লিপিৰ পৰা অহা পাৰ্ছিয়ান বৰ্ণমালা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। আনহাতে তাজিকিস্তানত চিৰালিকৰ পৰা অহা তাজিক বৰ্ণমালা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
| ফাৰ্চী ভাষা | |
|---|---|
| فارسی (fārsi), форсӣ (forsī) | |
 Fārsi written in Persian calligraphy (Nastaʿlīq) | |
| উচ্চাৰণ | সাঁচ:IPA-fa |
| থলুৱা অঞ্চল |
|
| জাতীয়তা | Persians |
স্থানীয় ভাষিক |
70 million[6] (110 million total speakers)[5] |
ভাষা পৰিয়াল |
|
পূৰ্বসূৰী |
|
মান্য ৰূপ |
|
| উপভাষা | *Iranian Persian |
| লিখন প্ৰণালী | |
| আধিকাৰিক স্থিতি | |
আধিকাৰিক ভাষা |
|
নিয়মাধীন হয় |
|
| ভাষা সংকেত | |
| ISO 639-1 | fa |
| ISO 639-2 | per (B) fas (T) |
| ISO 639-3 | fas – inclusive codeIndividual codes: pes – Iranian Persian prs – Dari tgk – Tajik aiq – Aimaq dialect bhh – Bukhori dialect haz – Hazaragi dialect jpr – Judeo-Persian phv – Pahlavani deh – Dehwari jdt – Judeo-Tat ttt – Caucasian Tat |
| গ্লোটোলগ | fars1254[8] |
| লিংগোৱাস্ফেয়াৰ | |
 Areas with significant numbers of people whose first language is Persian (including dialects) | |
 Countries where Persian is an official language | |
ফাৰ্চী ভাষা চাচানিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্য (২২৪-৬৫১ খ্ৰী:)-ত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱা মধ্য ফাৰ্চী (Middle Persian) ভাষাৰ পৰা আহিছে আৰু এই মধ্য ফাৰ্চী ভাষা আকামেনিড সাম্ৰাজ্য (৫৫০-৩৩০খ্ৰী:পূ:)-ৰ প্ৰাচীন ফাৰ্চী ভাষা(Old Persian Language)ৰ পৰা আহিছে[14][15]। এই ভাষাটো দক্ষিণ পশ্চিম ইৰাণৰ ফাৰচ(Fars) অঞ্চলত সৃষ্টি হৈছিল[16]। আৰু ইয়াৰ ব্যাকৰণো বহুত ইউৰোপীয় ভাষাৰ সৈতে একে[17]।
সমগ্ৰ ইতিহাসত ফাৰ্চী হৈছে এটা সন্মানজনক সাংস্কৃতিক ভাষা যিটো পশ্চিম এছিয়া,মধ্য এছিয়া আৰু দক্ষিণ এছিয়াৰ বিভিন্ন ৰাজবংশই ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছিল।[18] প্ৰাচীন ফাৰ্চী ভাষা ষষ্ঠ আৰু চতুৰ্থ খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্বলৈ পুৰণি ফাৰ্চী লিপিৰ সৈতে পোৱা গৈছে। মধ্য ফাৰ্চীৰ সাহিত্যসমূহ তৃতীয়ৰ পৰা দশম শতাব্দীলৈ মূলতঃ পাৰ্থিয়ান সাম্ৰাজ্যৰ সময়ছোৱাত ৰছিত জোৰাষ্ট্ৰিয়ান আৰু মেনিকেইন ধৰ্মপুথিসমূহত আৰ্মাণিকৰ পৰা উদ্ভৱ হোৱা লিপিৰ সৈতে পোৱা যায়। ইয়াৰ পিছত ইৰানত আৰবৰ আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত আৰবী লিপি গ্ৰহণ কৰাৰে পৰা নতুন ফাৰ্চী সাহিত্যৰ বিকাশ ঘটিবলৈ আৰম্ভ কৰে।[19] ফাৰ্চী হৈছে প্ৰথমটো ভাষা যিয়ে মুছলিম বিশ্বত আৰবী ভাষাৰ আধিপত্য ভংগ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল। যিহেতু প্ৰাচ্যৰ বহুতো দৰবাৰত ফাৰ্চী কবিতাক প্ৰাধান্য দিয়া হৈছিল।[18] মধ্য ফাৰ্চীৰ বিখ্যাত কামসমূহ হৈছে ফিৰদৌছিৰ চাহনামেহ, ৰুমিৰ কৰ্মসমূহ, ওমৰ খৈয়ামৰ ৰুবায়েট, নিজামি গঞ্জভিৰ পাঞ্জ গঞ্জ, আট্টাৰ অৱ নিশাপুৰৰ দ্য কনফাৰেন্স অৱ বাৰ্ডছ আৰু সাদি শিৰাজিৰ গুলিস্তান আৰু বুস্তান।
ফাৰ্চী ভাষাই চুবুৰীয়া তুৰ্কী, আৰ্মেনিয়ান, জৰ্জিয়ান আৰু ইণ্ডো আৰ্য (বিশেষকৈ উৰ্দু আৰু দোভাষী) ভাষাত উল্লেখযোগ্য অৱদান আগবঢ়াবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল।[20] তদুপৰি মধ্যযুগৰ আৰবৰ শাসনৰ সময়ছোৱাত আৰবী ভাষালৈ শব্দ সম্ভাৰৰ অৱদান আগবঢ়াবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছিল।[14][17][21][22][23][24]
ফাৰ্চী, তাজিক, হাজাৰা, ককেছীয় তাত আৰু আইমাকসকলক মিলাই সমগ্ৰ বিশ্বত প্ৰায় ১১ কোটি ফাৰ্চীভাষী লোক আছে।
তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ
সম্পাদনা কৰক- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins (2012). Martin Ball. ed. Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. পৃষ্ঠা. 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3.
- ↑ "IRAQ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ↑ Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina (2004). Islam in Post-Soviet Russia. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 27. ISBN 978-0-203-21769-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=mAfS-PFRLYkC&pg=PA27. "Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds."
- ↑ Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. পৃষ্ঠা. 80. ISBN 978-0-313-29315-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=xd3ZnfyRgncC&pg=PA80. "The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)"
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
- ↑ "Persian | Department of Asian Studies" (en-US ভাষাত). https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2 January 2019. "There are numerous reasons to study Persian: for one thing, Persian is an important language of the Middle East and Central Asia, spoken by approximately 70 million native speakers and roughly 110 million people worldwide."
- ↑ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter II, Article 15: "The official language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian. Official documents, correspondence, and texts, as well as text-books, must be in this language and script. However, the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Farsic-Caucasian Tat". Glottolog 3.0. প্ৰকাশক Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/fars1254.
- ↑ Olesen, Asta (1995). Islam and Politics in Afghanistan. 3. Psychology Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 205. "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Farsi – previously dominant in the educational and administrative system (...) — and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Farsi came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958."
- ↑ Baker, Mona (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 518. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ewBfSBo8rRsC. "All this affected translation activities in Persian, seriously undermining the international character of the language. The problem was compounded in modern times by several factors, among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union, with Uzbek and Russian languages, as well as the emergence of a language reform movement in Iran which paid no attention to the consequences of its pronouncements and actions for the language as a whole."
- ↑ Foltz, Richard (1996). "The Tajiks of Uzbekistan". Central Asian Survey খণ্ড 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946.
- ↑ Jonson, Lena (2006). Tajikistan in the new Central Asia. পৃষ্ঠা. 108.
- ↑ Cordell, Karl (1998). Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 201. ISBN 0415173124. "Consequently the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajiks within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academics and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30 per cent of the republic's twenty-two million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7 per cent (Foltz 1996:213; Carlisle 1995:88)."
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lazard, Gilbert (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In Frye, R. N. The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–632.
The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran.
- ↑ Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. 3 (2nd সম্পাদনা). Walter de Gruyter. পৃষ্ঠা. 1912. "The Pahlavi language (also known as Middle Persian) was the official language of Iran during the Sassanid dynasty (from 3rd to 7th century A. D.). Pahlavi is the direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country. However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian (Moshref 2001)."
- ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. XIII. pp. 344–377.
(...) Persian, the language originally spoken in the province of Fārs, which is descended from Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid empire (6th–4th centuries B.C.E.), and Middle Persian, the language of the Sasanian empire (3rd–7th centuries C.E.).
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Davis, Richard (2006). "Persian". In Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. Medieval Islamic Civilization. Taylor & Francis. pp. 602–603.
Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi, but Arabic lexical items predominated for more abstract or abstruse subjects and often replaced their Persian equivalents in polite discourse. (...) The grammar of New Persian is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 de Bruijn, J.T.P. (14 December 2015). "Persian literature". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ↑ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. "Iran vi. Iranian languages and scripts (2) Documentation". Encyclopædia Iranica. XIII. pp. 348–366. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
- ↑ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. পৃষ্ঠা. XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg=PR30.
- ↑ Lazard, Gilbert (1971). Frye, R.N.. ed. Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa. Edinburgh University Press.
- ↑ Namazi, Nushin (24 November 2008). "Persian Loan Words in Arabic". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110520151330/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=24327। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 1 June 2009.
- ↑ Classe, Olive (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. পৃষ্ঠা. 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. https://books.google.com/?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA1057. "Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature."
- ↑ Lambton, Ann K. S. (1953). Persian grammar. Cambridge University Press. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized."