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ইতিহাস: বিভিন্ন সংশোধনসমূহৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্য

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টেগ্‌: ২০১৭ উৎস সম্পাদনা
1 নং শাৰী:
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12 নং শাৰী:
 
পশ্চিমীয়া সংস্কৃতিত খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব পঞ্চম শতিকাৰ গ্ৰীক বুৰঞ্জীবিদ [[হিৰ'ড'টাছ]]ক "বুৰঞ্জীৰ জনক" বুলি অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁ সমসাময়িক [[থুচিডাইডিছ]]ৰ সৈতে বুৰঞ্জীৰ আধুনিক অধ্যয়নৰ ভেঁটি গঢ়ি তুলিছিল। বিশ্বৰ আন ঠাইৰ বুৰঞ্জীমূলক পৰম্পৰাসমূহ আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ প্ৰভাৱ বুৰঞ্জীৰ প্ৰকৃতিৰ বিভিন্ন ব্যাখ্যাত সাঙোৰ খাই আছে আৰু সেইবোৰ সদায় সলনি হৈ আছে। বুৰঞ্জীৰ আধুনিক অধ্যয়নৰ বিভিন্ন ভাগ আছে; যেনে- কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট অঞ্চলক গুৰুত্ব দিয়া অধ্যয়ন, কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিষয় প্ৰসঙ্গ বিচাৰ কৰা অধ্যয়ন আদি। প্ৰাথমিক অৰু মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষাৰ অংশ হিচাপে বিদ্যালয়সমূহত বুৰঞ্জী পঢ়োৱা হয় আৰু উচ্চ শিক্ষাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ইয়াক এটা মূল বিষয়ৰূপে বিবেচনা কৰা হয়।
 
== শব্দৰ উৎপত্তি ==
[[চিত্ৰ:History-Dielman-Highsmith.jpeg|thumb|''History'' by [[Frederick Dielman]] (1896)]]
The word ''history'' comes from the [[Proto-Indo-European root|root]] ''*weid-'' "know" or "see".<ref name=JosephJanda>{{Cite book| last =Joseph | first =Brian (Ed.)| last2 =Janda | first2 =Richard (Ed.)| publication-date =30 December 2004| title =The Handbook of Historical Linguistics| publisher =Blackwell Publishing| page =163| isbn =978-1405127479| year =2008| postscript =<!--None-->}}</ref>
 
[[Ancient Greek]] {{polytonic|{{LSJ|i(stori/a|ἱστορία}}}} means "inquiry" or "knowledge from inquiry", from {{polytonic|{{LSJ|i(/stwr|ἵστωρ}}}} (''hístōr'') "judge" (from the Proto-Indo-European [[agent noun]] ''*wid-tor'': "one who knows").<ref name="etym">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=history |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-16}}</ref> It was in that sense that [[Aristotle]] used the word in his {{polytonic|[[History of Animals|Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι]]}}<ref name="Ferrater-Mora">Ferrater-Mora, José. ''Diccionario de Filosofia''. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.</ref> (''Perì Tà Zôa Ηistoríai'' "Inquiries about Animals"). The ancestor word {{polytonic|ἵστωρ}} is attested early on in [[Homeric Hymns]], [[Heraclitus]], the [[Athens|Athenian]] [[ephebos|ephebes]]' oath, and in [[Boeotia|Boiotic]] inscriptions (in a legal sense, either "judge" or "witness", or similar).
 
It was still in the Greek sense that [[Francis Bacon]] used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about "[[Natural history|Natural History]]". For him, ''historia'' was "the knowledge of objects determined by space and time", that sort of knowledge provided by [[memory]] (while [[science]] was provided by [[reason]], and [[poetry]] was provided by [[fantasy]]).
 
The word entered the [[English language]] in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story". In [[Middle English]], the meaning was "story" in general. The restriction to the meaning "record of past events" arises in the late 15th century. In German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, the same word is still used to mean both "history" and "story". The adjective ''historical'' is attested from 1661, and ''historic'' from 1669.<ref name="Whitney">Whitney, W. D. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]''. New York: The Century Co, 1889.</ref>
 
''Historian'' in the sense of a "researcher of history" is attested from 1531. In all [[European languages]], the substantive "history" is still used to mean both "what happened with men", and "the scholarly study of the happened", the latter sense sometimes distinguished with a capital letter, "History", or the word ''[[historiography]]''.<ref name="Ferrater-Mora" />
 
== বিৱৰণ ==
[[চিত্ৰ:The Historians' History of the World - Title Page.jpg|thumb|The title page to ''[[The Historians' History of the World]]'']]
Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide lessons for their own society. In the words of [[Benedetto Croce]], "All history is contemporary history". History is facilitated by the formation of a 'true discourse of past' through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race.<ref name="Whitney">Whitney, W. D. (1889). [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language]. New York: The Century Co. Page [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1 2842].</ref> The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse.
 
All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record.<ref name="wordnet">[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn WordNet Search – 3.0], "History".</ref> The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian's archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents (by falsifying their claims to represent the 'true past').
 
The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the [[humanities]] and other times as part of the [[social sciences]].<ref>Scott Gordon and James Gordon Irving, ''The History and Philosophy of Social Science''. Routledge 1991. Page 1. ISBN 0-415-05682-9</ref> It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both. Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification.<ref>Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416.</ref> In the 20th century, French [[historian]] [[Fernand Braudel]] revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as [[economics]], [[anthropology]], and [[geography]] in the study of global history.
 
Traditionally, historians have recorded events of the past, either in writing or by passing on an [[oral tradition]], and have attempted to answer historical questions through the study of written documents and oral accounts. For the beginning, historians have also used such sources as monuments, inscriptions, and pictures. In general, the sources of historical knowledge can be separated into three categories: what is written, what is said, and what is physically preserved, and historians often consult all three.<ref>Michael C. Lemon (1995).The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. ISBN 0-415-12346-1</ref> But writing is the marker that separates history from what comes before.
 
[[Archaeology]] is a discipline that is especially helpful in dealing with buried sites and objects, which, once unearthed, contribute to the study of history. But archaeology rarely stands alone. It uses narrative sources to complement its discoveries. However, archaeology is constituted by a range of methodologies and approaches which are independent from history; that is to say, archaeology does not "fill the gaps" within textual sources. Indeed, Historical Archaeology is a specific branch of archaeology, often contrasting its conclusions against those of contemporary textual sources. For example, Mark Leone, the excavator and interpreter of historical Annapolis, Maryland, USA has sought to understand the contradiction between textual documents and the material record, demonstrating the possession of slaves and the inequalities of wealth apparent via the study of the total historical environment, despite the ideology of "liberty" inherent in written documents at this time.
 
There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, [[culture|culturally]], territorially, and thematically. These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in "The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975." It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called [[Big History]] resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or [[theory|theoretical]] aim, but also may be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity.<ref name="graham-ch1">{{cite book |title=The Shape of the Past |author=Graham, Gordon |publisher=[[Oxford University]] |year=1997 |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref>
 
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