গুৰমুখী

গুৰুমুখী; ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
প্ৰকাৰ	আবুগিদা
ভাষা	• পঞ্জাবী Punjabi dialects; Sant Bhasha; সিন্ধী;
সময়	16th century CE-present
মাতৃ লিপি	ব্ৰাহ্মী গুপ্ত শাৰদা লণ্ডা গুৰুমুখী; ; ; ;
সন্তান লিপি	আনন্দপুৰ লিপি
ভগ্নী লিপি	খোড়ীবোলী, খোজকী, মুলতানী
ইউনিক'ড ৰে'ঞ্জ	U+0A00–U+0A7F
	টোকা: এই পৃষ্ঠাত IPA চিহ্ন থাকিব পাৰে।

গুৰমুখী লিপি (IPA: [ɡʊɾmʊkʰi]) (গুৰমুখী: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ ) হ'ল পঞ্জাবী ভাষাৰ তিনিটা লিখিত ৰূপৰ ভিতৰত অন্যতম৷^[1] ^[2] দ্বিতীয় শিখ গুৰু গুৰু অংগদে (১৫৬৩–১৬০৬) এই লিপিত কিছু সংস্কাৰ কৰিছিল যাৰ ফলত ইয়াক "গুৰমুখ" বা "গুৰুমুখী" নাম দিয়া হৈছিল।^[3]

শিখসকলৰ উপৰি ভাৰতৰ কিছু অংশত চৰকাৰী নথি-পত্ৰৰ বাবে গুৰমুখী লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। অৱশ্যে পাকিস্তানৰ মুছলমান পাঞ্জাবীসকলে শ্বাহমুখী লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে৷ ভাৰতীয় পঞ্জাবীসকলে গুৰমুখী বা দেৱনাগৰী লিপি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে৷^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

অন্যান্য উত্তৰ ভাৰতীয় ভাষাৰ দৰে গুৰমুখীও ব্ৰাহ্মী লিপিৰ পৰাই উৎপত্তি হৈছিল৷^[5]

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 53. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher (December 16, 2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio-political context ...". ISBN 9781136846342. https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=sikh+script&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOvoTF877QAhXEnZQKHaOKBU04ChDoAQg3MAY#v=onepage&q=sikh%20script&f=false। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 November 2016.

Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul (December 3, 2007). Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America. প্ৰকাশক New York: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ...". ISBN 9780198044246. https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144&dq=sikh+script&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1Yzx-L7QAhUMxbwKHYMkAA04FBDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=sikh%20script&f=false। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 November 2016.

Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora. প্ৰকাশক Japan: Kitakyushu University. পৃষ্ঠা. 11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x/abstract। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 November 2016.

"Gurmukhi - The Sikh Alphabet". Sikhs.org. http://www.sikhs.org/gurmukhi.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 14 November 2016.

Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395.
↑ Bāhrī 2011, পৃষ্ঠা. 181.
↑ Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 94–99, 72–73. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ.

[Bright1996p395-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395.

[jaincardona53-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 53. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ.

[Gurmukhi_-_The_Sikh_Alphabet-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher (December 16, 2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio-political context ...". ISBN 9781136846342. https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=79ZcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=sikh+script&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOvoTF877QAhXEnZQKHaOKBU04ChDoAQg3MAY#v=onepage&q=sikh%20script&f=false। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 November 2016.

Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul (December 3, 2007). Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America. প্ৰকাশক New York: Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ...". ISBN 9780198044246. https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=8R-Kl2C1C7QC&pg=PA144&dq=sikh+script&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV1Yzx-L7QAhUMxbwKHYMkAA04FBDoAQgXMAA#v=onepage&q=sikh%20script&f=false। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 November 2016.

Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora. প্ৰকাশক Japan: Kitakyushu University. পৃষ্ঠা. 11. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x/abstract। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 22 November 2016.

"Gurmukhi - The Sikh Alphabet". Sikhs.org. http://www.sikhs.org/gurmukhi.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 14 November 2016.

Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395.

[FOOTNOTEBāhrī2011181-4] Bāhrī 2011, পৃষ্ঠা. 181.

[5] Danesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. পৃষ্ঠা. 94–99, 72–73. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ.

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