ধ্বনিগত বৰ্ণমালা লিপি

ধ্বনিগত বৰ্ণমালা লিপি বা আবুগিদা (/ɑːbʊˈɡiːdə, ˈæb-/ (ⁱ/ɑːb[unsupported input]ˈɡiːdə[unsupported input]ˈæb-/), Ge'ez: አቡጊদা), কেতিয়াবা আলফাচুলাবাৰী, নিউঅ'চুলাবাৰি বা pseudo-আলফাবেট নামেৰে জনাজাত, হৈছে এটা শাখাগত লিখন প্ৰণালী য'ত সংকেতসমূহ একক হিচাপে লিখা হয়; প্ৰতিটো সংকেত হৈছে আখৰৰ ওপৰত আধাৰিত। ই পূৰ্ণ বৰ্ণমালাৰ বিপৰীত, য'ত বৰ্ণৰ স্থিতি সমতুল্য, আৰু এটা আবেজডৰ সৈতে, য'ৰ বৰ্ণৰ চিহ্ন নাই, আংশিক, বা বিকল্প। (অলপ আনুষ্ঠানিকভাৱে, এই তিনি প্ৰকাৰৰ লিপি "বৰ্ণমালা" বুলি কোৱা হয়) । এই শব্দসমূহে ইয়াক syllabary-ৰ সৈতেও তুলনা কৰে, য'ত চিহ্নবোৰক পৃথক স্বৰবৰ্ণ আৰু ব্যঞ্জনবৰ্ণত ভাগ কৰিব নোৱাৰি।

এই প্ৰবন্ধটোত কিছু বিশেষ আখৰ আছে। কোনো সঠিক সহায়ৰ অভাৱত, আপুনি সেইবোৰৰ সলনি প্ৰশ্নবোধক চিন, বাকচ বা আন চিহ্ন দেখা পাব পাৰে।

১৯৪৮ চনত জেম্ছ জাৰমেন ফেব্ৰিয়েৰ (নেঅ'ছিলেবাইজম শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি) আৰু ডেভিদ ডাইৰেঞ্জাৰ (ছেমিছুলাবাৰি শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা) আৰু ১৯৫৯ চনত ফ্ৰেড হাউছহ'ল্ডাৰে (পাইড'-আল্ফবেট শব্দটো প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰিছিল) স্বতন্ত্ৰভাৱে এই ধাৰণাসমূহ প্ৰৱৰ্তন কৰে।^[1]^[2]^[3] ইথিওপিয়ান শব্দ "আবুগিদা"ক ১৯৯০ চনত পিটাৰ টি ডিয়েলছে এই ধাৰণাৰ এক নাম হিচাপে মনোনীত কৰিছিল।^[4] ১৯৯২ চনত, ফাবাৰে "segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script"ৰ প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়ে, আৰু ১৯৯২ চনত ব্ৰাইট আলফাচুলাবেৰি শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে, আৰু জ্ঞানদেশিকান আৰু ৰিমঝিম, কাটিজ, আৰু ফাউলাৰে অক্ষৰ বা āksharik শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিছে।^[5]^[6]^[7]

ধনিগত বৰ্ণমালাসমূহত তিব্বত, দক্ষিণ আৰু দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ বিস্তৃত ব্ৰহ্মিক লিপি, Semitic Ethiopic লিপি, আৰু কানাডাৰ অৰিজিনেল শ্লাবিক অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰা হৈছে। syllabaries-ৰ দৰে, লিখনি প্ৰণালীৰ এককবোৰ syllables আৰু consonants উভয়ৰে প্ৰতিনিধিত্বৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত হ'ব পাৰে। ব্ৰাহ্মিক পৰিয়ালৰ লিপিৰ বাবে, এককবোৰৰ বাবে অক্ষৰ শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।

ধ্বনিগত বৰ্ণমালা লিপিৰ তালিকা

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

↑ Février, James Germain (1948). "Le Néosyllabisme". Histoire de l'écriture. Payot. পৃষ্ঠা. 333–383. https://books.google.com/books?id=HkhNAQAAIAAJ.
↑ Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind. Philosophical Library. পৃষ্ঠা. 601 (index). https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287.
↑ Householder, F. (1959). Review of The Decipherment of Linear B by John Chadwick, The Classical Journal, 54(8), 379-383. Retrieved 30 September 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3294984
↑ Daniels, P. (1990). Fundamentals of Grammatology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727-731. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," [Footnote: I.e., the alif-ba-jim order familiar from earlier Semitic alphabets, from which the modern order alif-ba-ta-tha is derived by placing together the letters with similar shapes and differing numbers of dots. The abjad is the order in which numerical values are assigned to the letters (as in Hebrew).] from the Arabic word for the traditional order6 of its script, which (unvocalized) of course falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."
↑ Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "The second is that of Bright (1996, 1999) which follows Daniels in abjads and alphabets (Bright, 1999), but identifies instead of abugidas a category of alphasyllabaries. As Bright (1999) points out, the definition of abugida and the definition of alpha- syllabary differ. This fact alone suggests that at least one of the two classifications is either incom- plete or inaccurate—or at the very least that they have two different purposes. This paper is intended as a (long-delayed) response to Bright (1999) and argues that both of these systems are in fact incomplete."
↑ Littera ex occidente: Toward a Functional History of Writing. Peter T. Daniels, in STUDIES IN SEMITIC AND AFROASIATIC LINGUISTICS PRESENTED TO GENE B. GRAGG Edited by CYNTHIA L. MILLER pages 53-69:"Alongside the terms I rejected (neosyllabary [Février 1948], pseudo-alphabet [Householder 1959], semisyllabary [Diringer 1948], and alphasyllabary [Bright 1992]) because they imply exactly the notion I am trying to refute – that the abugida is a kind of alphabet or a kind of syllabary – I have just come across semialphabet in the Encyclopœdia Britannica Micropœdia (though what is intended by the distinction "the syllabic KharoœøÏ (sic) and semialphabetic BrΩhmÏ" [s.v. "Indic Writing Systems"] is unfathomable). W. Bright denies having devised the term alphasyllabary, but it has not yet been found to occur earlier than his 1992 encyclopedia (in 1990: 136 he approved semisyllabary). Compare Daniels 1996b: 4 n. * and Bright 2000 for the different conceptualizations of abugida and alphasyllabary: functional vs. formal, as it happens. The words abjad and abugida are simply words in Arabic and Ethiopic, respectively, for the ancient Northwest Semitic order of letters, which is used in those languages in certain functions alongside the customary orders (in Arabic reflecting rearrangement according to shape, and in Ethiopic reflecting an entirely different letter-order tradition"
↑ Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "This type of script has been given many names, among them semi-alphabet (Diringer, 1948, referring to Brāhmī), semi-syllabary (Diringer, 1948, referring to Devanāgarī) or semi-syllabic script (Baker, 1997), syllabic alphabet (Coulmas, 1999), alphasyllabary (Bright, 1996, 1999; Trigger, 2004), neosyllabary (Daniels, 1990), abugida (Daniels, 1996a) and segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script (Faber, 1992) as well as the Sanskrit-inspired terms aksara system (Gnanadesikan, 2009) or āksharik script (Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler, 2014). As is discussed further below, however, there is a considerable degree of typological diversity in this family of scripts."

[Février1948-1] Février, James Germain (1948). "Le Néosyllabisme". Histoire de l'écriture. Payot. পৃষ্ঠা. 333–383. https://books.google.com/books?id=HkhNAQAAIAAJ.

[Diringer1948-2] Diringer, David (1948). The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind. Philosophical Library. পৃষ্ঠা. 601 (index). https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287.

[3] Householder, F. (1959). Review of The Decipherment of Linear B by John Chadwick, The Classical Journal, 54(8), 379-383. Retrieved 30 September 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3294984

[4] Daniels, P. (1990). Fundamentals of Grammatology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727-731. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," [Footnote: I.e., the alif-ba-jim order familiar from earlier Semitic alphabets, from which the modern order alif-ba-ta-tha is derived by placing together the letters with similar shapes and differing numbers of dots. The abjad is the order in which numerical values are assigned to the letters (as in Hebrew).] from the Arabic word for the traditional order6 of its script, which (unvocalized) of course falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."

[5] Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "The second is that of Bright (1996, 1999) which follows Daniels in abjads and alphabets (Bright, 1999), but identifies instead of abugidas a category of alphasyllabaries. As Bright (1999) points out, the definition of abugida and the definition of alpha- syllabary differ. This fact alone suggests that at least one of the two classifications is either incom- plete or inaccurate—or at the very least that they have two different purposes. This paper is intended as a (long-delayed) response to Bright (1999) and argues that both of these systems are in fact incomplete."

[6] Littera ex occidente: Toward a Functional History of Writing. Peter T. Daniels, in STUDIES IN SEMITIC AND AFROASIATIC LINGUISTICS PRESENTED TO GENE B. GRAGG Edited by CYNTHIA L. MILLER pages 53-69:"Alongside the terms I rejected (neosyllabary [Février 1948], pseudo-alphabet [Householder 1959], semisyllabary [Diringer 1948], and alphasyllabary [Bright 1992]) because they imply exactly the notion I am trying to refute – that the abugida is a kind of alphabet or a kind of syllabary – I have just come across semialphabet in the Encyclopœdia Britannica Micropœdia (though what is intended by the distinction "the syllabic KharoœøÏ (sic) and semialphabetic BrΩhmÏ" [s.v. "Indic Writing Systems"] is unfathomable). W. Bright denies having devised the term alphasyllabary, but it has not yet been found to occur earlier than his 1992 encyclopedia (in 1990: 136 he approved semisyllabary). Compare Daniels 1996b: 4 n. * and Bright 2000 for the different conceptualizations of abugida and alphasyllabary: functional vs. formal, as it happens. The words abjad and abugida are simply words in Arabic and Ethiopic, respectively, for the ancient Northwest Semitic order of letters, which is used in those languages in certain functions alongside the customary orders (in Arabic reflecting rearrangement according to shape, and in Ethiopic reflecting an entirely different letter-order tradition"

[7] Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "This type of script has been given many names, among them semi-alphabet (Diringer, 1948, referring to Brāhmī), semi-syllabary (Diringer, 1948, referring to Devanāgarī) or semi-syllabic script (Baker, 1997), syllabic alphabet (Coulmas, 1999), alphasyllabary (Bright, 1996, 1999; Trigger, 2004), neosyllabary (Daniels, 1990), abugida (Daniels, 1996a) and segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script (Faber, 1992) as well as the Sanskrit-inspired terms aksara system (Gnanadesikan, 2009) or āksharik script (Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler, 2014). As is discussed further below, however, there is a considerable degree of typological diversity in this family of scripts."

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