ৱিকিপিডিয়া

জাহান্নাম

এইটো এটা অনূদিত বা অনুবাদ চলি থকা প্ৰবন্ধ। ইয়াৰ তাৎপৰ্য্য কেইবাটাও হ'ব পাৰে।

ইছলামত জাহান্নাম হৈছে পৰলোক বা নৰকত কাফিৰ আৰু দুষ্টকৰ্মীৰ শাস্তি দিয়া স্থান।[1] এই ধাৰণাটো ইছলামিক ধৰ্মতত্ত্বৰ এক অবিচ্ছেদ্য অংগ,[1] আৰু ই মুছলমান বিশ্বাসত গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ স্থান দখল কৰিছে।[2] ইয়াক প্ৰায়ে জাহান্নামৰ সঠিক নামেৰে কোৱা হয়।[টোকা 1] কিন্তু "জাহান্নাম" একেসময়তে বিশেষভাৱে নৰকৰ সৰ্বোচ্চ স্তৰৰ বাবে এটা শব্দ।

মুহাম্মাদে জাহান্নাম ভ্ৰমণ কৰাৰ চিত্ৰ; মিৰাজ নামেহৰ পৰা শিল্পকৰ্ম।

ইছলামিক মতবাদত জাহান্নামৰ গুৰুত্ব হ'ল যে ই কিয়ামতৰ দিনৰ এক অপৰিহাৰ্য উপাদান, যিটো বিশ্বাসৰ ছটা অনুচ্ছেদৰ ভিতৰত এটা (আল্লাহ, ফৰিষ্টা, কিতাব, নবী, কিয়ামতৰ দিন, আৰু আদেশ) "দ্বাৰা" যিটো মুছলমান বিশ্বাস পৰম্পৰাগতভাৱে সংজ্ঞায়িত কৰা হৈছে।"[1]

নৰকত শাস্তি আৰু দুখ-কষ্ট, মূলসুঁতিৰ ইছলামত, শাৰীৰিক, মানসিক আৰু আধ্যাত্মিক, আৰু নিন্দা কৰা ব্যক্তিৰ পাপ অনুসৰি ভিন্ন হয়।[9][10] কোৰআনত বৰ্ণনা কৰা ইয়াৰ যন্ত্ৰণা আৰু ভয়ানকতা প্ৰায়ে জান্নাহ (জান্নাত)ৰ আনন্দ আৰু আনন্দৰ সমান্তৰাল।[11][12] সাধাৰণতে মুছলমানসকলে বিশ্বাস কৰে যে নৰকত বন্দী হোৱাটো মুছলমানৰ বাবে সাময়িক কিন্তু আনৰ বাবে নহয়,[13][Note 1] আৰু মুছলমান পণ্ডিতসকলৰ মাজত মতানৈক্য আছে যে নৰক নিজেই অনন্তকাললৈকে থাকিব নেকি (গৰিষ্ঠসংখ্যকৰ মতে),[15][16] বা আল্লাহৰ দয়াই অৱশেষত ইয়াক নিৰ্মূল কৰিব নেকি?[17]

মুছলমানসকলৰ মাজত সাধাৰণ বিশ্বাস যে জাহান্নাম কালজগতৰ সৈতে সহাৱস্থান কৰে, ঠিক জান্নাতৰ দৰেই[18] (বিচাৰ দিনৰ পিছত সৃষ্টি হোৱাতকৈ)। ইছলামিক সাহিত্যৰ বিভিন্ন উৎসৰ দ্বাৰা নৰকক শাৰীৰিকভাৱে বিভিন্ন ধৰণে বৰ্ণনা কৰা হৈছে ই আকাৰত বিশাল,[19][20] আৰু জান্নাতৰ তলত অৱস্থিত।[21] ইয়াৰ সাতটা স্তৰ আছে, প্ৰতিটো স্তৰ ইয়াৰ ওপৰৰ স্তৰতকৈ অধিক গুৰুতৰ, কিন্তু ইয়াক এটা বিশাল গাঁত বুলিও কোৱা হয়,[22][23]উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: </ref> বন্ধ কৰা হৈছে; <ref> টেগৰ বাবে পোৱা নাই ইয়াত ঘৃণনীয় তৰল পদাৰ্থৰে ভৰা পাহাৰ, নদী, উপত্যকা আৰু "আনকি সাগৰ" আছে বুলি কোৱা হয়;[24] আৰু লগতে খোজ কাঢ়িব পৰা (লজ্জাঘৰেৰে নিয়ন্ত্ৰিত),[25] আৰু প্ৰশ্ন কৰিব পৰা,[26] বহুখিনি জ্ঞানশীল সত্তাৰ দৰেই।

উৎসসমূহ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

প্ৰাক-ইছলামিক: হিব্ৰু বাইবেল, নতুন নিয়ম আৰু বেবিলনীয় তালমুদ

সম্পাদনা কৰক
প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: বাইবেল আৰু কোৰআনৰ আখ্যান
 
হিনোমৰ উপত্যকা (বা গেহেন্না), গ. ১৯০০ চনত পূৰ্বৰ শিশুবলিদানৰ স্থান আৰু মৃত্যুদণ্ড দিয়া অপৰাধীৰ মৃতদেহৰ বাবে ডাম্পিং কৰা ঠাই হিচাপে যিৰিমিয়াই ভৱিষ্যদ্বাণী কৰিছিল যে ই "বধ উপত্যকা" আৰু কবৰস্থান হ'ব; পিছৰ সাহিত্যত ইয়াক এইদৰে নৰকক দুষ্টসকলক শাস্তি দিয়া ঠাই হিচাপে লৈ এক নতুন ধাৰণাৰে চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছিল।[27]

হিব্ৰু বাইবেলত, গেই-হিনোম বা গেই-বেন-হিনোম, "হিনোমৰ [পুত্ৰৰ] উপত্যকা" হৈছে জেৰুজালেমৰ এটা অভিশপ্ত উপত্যকা য'ত শিশু বলিদান কৰা হৈছিল। নীতিগত শুভবাৰ্তাত যীশুৱে গেহেন্নাৰ বিষয়ে "য'ত কৃমি কেতিয়াও মৰি নাযায় আৰু জুই কেতিয়াও নুমুৱাব নোৱাৰে" বুলি কৈছে। (মাৰ্ক ৯:৪৮ পদ)। খ্ৰীষ্টপূৰ্ব ২য় শতিকাৰ আশে-পাশে লিখা ৪ এজ্ৰাৰ এপক্ৰিফাল কিতাপখনত গেহিনমক শাস্তিৰ অতিক্ৰমণীয় স্থান হিচাপে দেখা গৈছে। এই পৰিৱৰ্তন প্ৰায় ৫০০ খ্ৰীষ্টাব্দত লিখা বেবিলনৰ তালমুদত সম্পূৰ্ণ হয়।[28]

It can be thought that the narrative of Hell in Islam is largely shaped by the offerings of human sacrifices by passing it over fire or burning it to Molech, which the Torah describes as taking place in the Gehenna (Jeremiah 7; 32–35). While the Gehenna gives its name to Hell,[29] the fire used for the offerings turns into Hellfire, and Molech turns into Malik, the guardian of Hell in the Qur'anic narrative. (Q.43:77)[30]

কোৰআন

সম্পাদনা কৰক

According to Einar Thomassen, much of how Muslims picture and think about Jahannam comes from the Qur'an. He found nearly 500 references to Jahannam in it, using a variety of names.[31][Note 2]

The following is an example of the Qur'anic verses[35] about Hell:

Surely the day of decision is (a day) appointed:
The day on which the trumpet shall be blown so you shall come forth in hosts,
And the heaven shall be opened so that it shall be all openings,
And the mountains shall be moved off so that they shall remain a mere semblance.
Surely hell lies in wait,
A place of resort for the inordinate,
Living therein for ages.
They shall not taste therein cool nor drink
But boiling water and filth,
as a corresponding recompense.
Surely they did not feared the account,
and they rejected Our messages as lies.
And We have recorded everything in a book,
So taste! For We will not increase you in anything except torment. (Q.78:17–30)[36]
 
A depiction of Muhammad visiting the inmates of Jahannam being tormented by the guardian angels of Hell, and showing the tree Zaqqum with the heads of devils; miniature from "The David Collection".

Among the different terms and phrases mentioned above that refer to Hell in the Qur'an, Fire (nār) is used 125 times, Hell (jahannam) 77 times, and Blazing Fire (jaḥīm) 26 times,[37] or 23 by another count.[38]

The description of Jahannam as a place of blazing fire appears in almost every verse in the Qur'an describing Hell.[39] One collection[40] of descriptions of Hell found in the Qur'an include "rather specific indications of the tortures of the Fire": flames that crackle and roar;[41] fierce, boiling waters,[42] scorching wind, and black smoke,[43] roaring and boiling as if it would burst with rage.[44]

Hell is described as being located below Paradise,[45][21] having seven gates and "for every gate there shall be a specific party" of sinners (Q.15:43–44).[46][8][47] The Qur'an also mentions wrongdoers having "degrees (or ranks) according to their deeds",[48] (which some scholars believe refers to the "specific parties" at each of the gates);[37] and of there being "seven heavens ˹in layers˺, and likewise for the earth" (Q.65:12),[49] (though this doesn't indicate that the seven layers of earth are hell). The one mention of levels of hell is that hypocrites will be found in its very bottom.[37][50]

কাফিৰসকল

সম্পাদনা কৰক

According to Thomassen, those specifically mentioned in the Qur'an as being punished in Hell are "most typically" disbelievers (kāfirūn). These include people who lived during Muhammad's time, the polytheists (mushrikūn), or enemies of Muhammad who worshiped idols (Q.10:24), and the "losers", or enemies of Muhammad who died in war against him (Q.21:70), as well as broad categories of sinners: the apostates (murtaddūn; Q.3:86–87), hypocrites (munafiqūn; Q.4:140), self-content (Q.10:7–8, 17:18),[51] polytheists (mushrikūn; Q.4:48,116), and those who do not believe in certain key doctrines of Islam: those who deny the divine origin of the Qur'an (Q.74:16–26) or the coming of Judgement Day (Q.25:11–14).[51]

ডাঙৰ পাপ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

In addition are those who have committed serious criminal offenses against other human beings: the murder of a believer (Q.4:93, 3:21), usury (Q.2:275), devouring the property of an orphan (Q.4:10), and slander (Q.104), particularly of a chaste woman (Q.24:23).[11]

বাইবেল আৰু ঐতিহাসিক ব্যক্তি

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Some prominent people mentioned in hadith and the Qur'an as suffering in Hell or destined to suffer there are: Pharaoh (Firʿawn; the pharaoh of The Exodus; Q:10:90-92), the wives of Noah and Lot (Q:66–10), and Abu Lahab and his wife, who were contemporaries and enemies of Muhammad (Q:111).[52] [53][54]

শাস্তি

সম্পাদনা কৰক

The punishments of Hell described in the Qur'an tend to revolve around "skin sensation and digestion". [51] Its wretched inhabitants sigh and wail,[55] their scorched skins are constantly exchanged for new ones so that they can taste the torment anew,[56] drink festering water and though death appears on all sides they cannot die.[57] They are linked together in chains of 70 cubits,[58] wearing pitch for clothing and fire on their faces[59] have boiling water that will be poured over their heads, melting their insides as well as their skins, and hooks of iron to drag them back if they should try to escape,[60] and their remorseful admissions of wrongdoing and pleading for forgiveness are in vain.[61][62][63]

Hell's resemblance to a prison is strong. Inmates have chains around their necks (Q.13:5, 34:33, 36:8, 76:4, etc.), are "tethered" by hooks of iron (Q.22:21), and are guarded by "merciless angels" (zabāniyyah; Q.66:6, 96:18).[51]

Its inmates will be thirsty and hungry "constantly".[51] Their fluids will include boiling water (Q.6:70), melted brass, and/or be bitterly cold, "unclean, full of pus".[64] In addition to fire (Q.2:174), it has three different unique sources of food:

  1. Ḍari, a dry desert plant that is full of thorns and fails to relieve hunger or sustain a person (Q88:6);[65][66][67]
  2. Ghislin, which is only mentioned once (in Q69:36, which states that it is the only nourishment in hell);[67][68]
  3. Heads of devils hanging from the tree of Zaqqum that "springs out of the bottom of Hell".[69][37] (These are mentioned three[67] or four times: Q.17:60 (as the "cursed tree"),[70] Q.37:62-68,[71] Q.44:43,[72] Q.56:52.)[73]

Psychological torments are humiliation (Q.3:178) and listening to "sighs and sobs". (Q.11:106).[51]

There are at least a couple of indications that physical rather than "spiritual or psychological" punishment predominates in jahannam according to scholars Smith and Haddad. For example, the Quran notes that inmates of jahannam will be denied the pleasure of "gazing on the face of God", but nowhere does it state "that this loss contributed to the agony" the inmates experience. While the Quran describes the regret the inmates express for the deeds that put them in hell, it is "for the consequences" of the deeds "rather than for the actual commission of them".[74]

হাদিছ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

There are "scores" of narrations or "short narratives traced back to the Prophet or his Companions" from "the third/ninth century onwards", that "greatly elaborate" on the Quranic image of hell.[75]

সংগঠন, আকাৰ, আৰু প্ৰহৰী

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Similarly to how the Qur'an speaks of the seven gates of Hell,[49] "relatively early" narrations attest that Hell has seven levels. This interpretation became "widespread" in Islam.[47] The bridge (ṣirāṭ) over Hell that all resurrected souls must cross is mentioned in several narrations.[76]

Some hadith describe the size of hell as enormous. It is so deep that if a stone were thrown into it, it would fall for 70 years before reaching the bottom (according to one hadith).[19] Another states that the breadth of each of Hell's walls is equivalent to a distance covered by a walking journey of 40 years.[19] According to another source (Qurṭubī) it takes "500 years" to get from one of its levels to another.[20]

Traditions often describe this in multiples of seven: hell has seventy thousand valleys, each with "seventy thousand ravines, inhabited by seventy thousand serpents and scorpions".[77]

According to one hadith, hell will be vastly more populous than Paradise. Out of every one thousand people entering into the afterlife, nine hundred and ninety-nine of them will end up in the fire.[78][79][80] (According to at least one scholarly salafi interpretation, the hadith expresses the large disparity between the number of saved and damned rather than a specific literal ratio.)[81]

Malik in Hadith quotes Muhammad as saying that the "fire of the children of Adam [humans] which they kindle is a seventieth part of the fire of Jahannam."[82] He also describes that fire as "blacker than tar".[83]

In book 87 Hadith 155, "Interpretation of Dreams" of Sahih al-Bukhari, Muhammad is reported to have talked of angels guarding hell, each with "a mace of iron", and describes Jahannam as a place

"built inside like a well and it had side posts like those of a well, and beside each post there was an angel carrying an iron mace. I saw therein many people hanging upside down with iron chains, and I recognized therein some men from the Quraish".[84]

শাস্তি

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Hadiths introduce punishments, reasons and revelations not mentioned in the Quran. In both Quranic verses and hadiths, "the Fire" is "a gruesome place of punishment that is always contrasted with Jannah, "the Garden" (paradise). Whatever characteristic "the Garden offered, the Fire usually offered the opposite conditions."[85] Several hadith describes a part of hell that is extremely cold rather than hot, known as Zamhareer.[86]

According to Bukhari, lips are cut by scissors. Other traditions added flogging. An Uighur manuscript also mentions drowning, stoning and falling from heights.[87] Based on hadiths, the sinners are thought to carry signs in accordance with their sins.[49]

বন্দী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Hadith describe types of sinners populating hell. Seven sins doom a person to Hell, according to reports of as-Saheehayn, (i.e. the reports of the two most esteemed Sunni hadith collections: al-Bukhaari and Muslim): "Associating others with Allah (shirk or idolatry); witchcraft; killing a soul whom Allah has forbidden us to kill, except in cases dictated by Islamic law; consuming orphans' wealth; consuming riba (usury); fleeing from the battlefield; and slandering chaste, innocent women."[88][89][90][91]

According to a series of hadith, Muhammad claims the majority of the inhabitants of hell will be women, due to an inclination for gossip, conjecture, ungratefulness of kind treatment from their spouses and idle chatting.[92][93][94][95][Note 3] The Salafi Muslim scholar ʿUmar Sulaymān al-Ashqar (d. 2012) reaffirms the arguments of al-Qurṭubī, that women have an attachment to the here and now, inability to control their passions; but allows that despite this, many women are good and pious and will go to Paradise, and some are even superior to many men in piety.[99]

However, other hadith imply that the majority of people in paradise will be women.[100] Since the number of men and women are approximately equal, al-Qurṭubī attempts to reconcile the conflicting hadith by suggesting that many of the women in Hell are there only temporarily and will eventually be brought reside in Paradise; thereafter the majority of the people of Paradise would be women.[101][Note 4]

Other people populating hell mentioned in hadith include, but are not limited to, the mighty, the proud and the haughty.[102] Einar Thomassen writes that this almost certainly refers to those too proud and haughty to submit to God, i.e. unbelievers[51] (the literal translation of Muslim is one who submits to God).

Sahih Muslim quotes Muhammad as saying that suicides would reside in Jahannam forever.[103] According to the hadith collection Muwaṭṭaʾ of Imam Mālik (711–795), Muhammad said: "Truly a man utters words to which he attaches no importance, and by them he falls into the fire of Jahannam."[104]

Al-Bukhari in book 72:834 added to the list of dwellers in Jahannam: "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers".[105][106] Use of utensils made of precious metals could also land its users in Jahannam: "A person who drinks from a silver vessel brings the fire of Jahannam into his belly".[107] As could starving a cat to death: "A woman was tortured and was put in Hell because of a cat which she had kept locked till it died of hunger."[108][109]

At least one hadith indicates the importance of faith in avoiding hell, stating: "... no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom's weight of faith."[Note 5]

এস্কেট'লজিকেল মেনুৱেল

সম্পাদনা কৰক
প্ৰধান প্ৰবন্ধ: ইছলামিক এস্কেট’লজী
অতিৰিক্ত তথ্য: কিয়ামত আৰু ইছলামত পুনৰুত্থান

সাঁচ:Islamic eschatology

 
Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (Ard al-Hashr) on the Day of Judgment, from an autograph manuscript of Futuhat al-Makkiyya by Sufi mystic and Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi, ca. 1238. Shown are the 'Arsh (Throne of God), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of angels, Gabriel (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the Pond of Abundance, al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), As-Sirāt (the Bridge), Jahannam (Hell), and Marj al-Jannat (Meadow of Paradise).[113]

"Eschatological manuals" were written after the hadith, they compiled the hadith on hell,[75] and also developed descriptions of Jahannam "in more deliberate ways".[114] While the Quran and hadith tend to describe punishments that nonbelievers are forced to give themselves, the manuals illustrate external and more dramatic punishment, through devils, scorpions, and snakes.[115]

Manuals dedicated solely to the subject of Jahannam include Ibn Abi al-Dunya's Sifat al-nar, and al-Maqdisi's Dhikr al-nar. [Note 6] Other manuals—such as texts by al-Ghazali and the 12th-century scholar Qadi Ayyad – "dramatise life in the Fire", and present "new punishments, different types of sinners, and the appearance of a multitude of devils," to exhort the faithful to piety.[8] His hell has a structure with a specific place for each type of sinners.[115]

According to Leor Halevi, between the moment of death and the time of their burial ceremony, "the spirit of a deceased Muslim takes a quick journey to Heaven and Hell, where it beholds visions of the bliss and torture awaiting humanity at the end of days".[116]

In The Soul's Journey After Death, Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, a theologian in the 14th century, writes explicitly of punishments faced by sinners and unbelievers in Jahannam. These are directly related to the wrongdoer's earthly transgressions.[117]

বন্দী আৰু তেওঁলোকৰ পাপ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

In addition to those who engage in traditional sins of wine drinking, fornication, sodomy, suicide, atheism (dahriyya); hell is where those "who sleep during prayer (or speak of worldly matters during it),[118][119] or deny the doctrine of predestinarianism or assert absolute free-will (Qadarites), are punished.[120][121] Another tradition consigns to the seven different levels of hell, seven different types of "mischievous" Islamic scholars.[122] Government authorities are also threatened with hell, but often in "oblique ways".[123]

স্থান আৰু ভূ-প্ৰকৃতি

সম্পাদনা কৰক

অৱস্থান

সম্পাদনা কৰক

There are many traditions on the location of paradise and hell, but not all of them "are easily pictured or indeed mutually reconcilable".[124] For example, some describe hell as in the lowest earth, while one scholar (Al-Majlisī) describes hell as "surrounding" the earth.[125] Islamic scholars speculated on where the entrance to hell might be located. Some thought the sea was the top level,[126][127] or that the sulphourus well in Hadramawt (in present-day Yemen), allegedly haunted by the souls of the wicked, was the entrance to the underworld. Others considered the entrance in the valley of Hinnom (surrounding the Old City of Jerusalem). In a Persian work, the entry to hell is located in a gorge called Wadi Jahannam (in present-day Afghanistan).[49]

সাতটা স্তৰ

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Einar Thomassen writes that the seven levels of hell mentioned in hadith "came to be associated" with the seven names used in the Quran to refer to hell, with a category of inmates assigned to each level.

  1. Jahannam was reserved for Muslims who had committed grave sins.
  2. al-Laza (the blaze)
  3. al-Hutama (the consuming fire)
  4. al-Sa'ir
  5. al-Saqar (the scorching fire)
  6. al-jahim (the hot place)
  7. al-Hawiya (the abyss) for the hypocrites.[47]

"Various similar models exist with a slightly differing order of names", according to Christian Lange, and he and A. F. Klein give similar lists of levels. Al-Laza and al-Saqar are switched in Lange's list, and there is no accompanying type of unbelievers for each level.[49] In A. F. Klein's list, it is the names of the levels that's not included, and instead of a level for Zoroastrians there is one for "witches and fortunetellers".[13] [Note 7]

Another description of the layers of hell comes from "models such as that recorded by al-Thalabi (died 427/1035)" corresponding to "the seven earths of medieval Islamic cosmology";[49][Note 8] the place of hell before the Day of Resurrection.[128] This idea derives from the concept of "seven earths", each beneath the surface of the known world, serving as a sort of underworld, with hell at its bottom. Sources Miguel Asin Palacios and Patrick Hughes, Thomas Patrick Hughes describe these levels as:

  1. Adim (surface), inhabited by mankind and jinn.
  2. Basit (plain), the prison of winds, from where the winds come from.
  3. Thaqil (region of distress), the antechamber of hell, in which dwell men with the mouth of a dog, the ears of a goat and the cloven hoof of an ox.
  4. Batih (place of torrents or swamps), a valley through which flows a stream of boiling sulphur to torment the wicked. The dweller in this valley have no eyes and in place of feet, have wings.
  5. Hayn (region of adversity), in which serpents of enormous size devour the infidels.
  6. Masika/Sijjin (store or dungeon), the office where sins are recorded and where souls are tormented by scorpions of the size of mules. In tafsir, this place is sometimes considered the lowest place instead.
  7. As-Saqar (place of burning) and Athara (place of damp and great cold) the home of Iblis, who is chained, his hand fastened one in front of and the other behind him, except when set free by God to chastise his demons.

A large number of hadith about Muhammad's tour of hell during the miʿrāj, describe the various sinners and their torments. A summary of the uppermost level of hell, "reserved for deadly sins" and "subdivided into fourteen mansions, one close above the other, and each is a place of punishment for a different sin", was done by Asin Palacios:[129]

The first mansion is an ocean of fire comprising seventy lesser seas, and on the shore of each sea stands a city of fire. In each city are seventy thousand dwellings; in each dwelling, seventy thousand coffins of fire, the tombs of men and women, who, stung by snakes and scorpions, shriek in anguish. These wretches, the Keeper enlightens Mahomet, were tyrants. In the second mansion beings with blubber lips writhe under the red-hot forks of demons, while serpents enter their mouths and eat their bodies from within. These are faithless guardians, devoured now by serpents even as they once devoured the inheritances committed to their trust. Lower down usurers stagger about, weighed down by the reptiles in their bellies. Further, shameless women hang by the hair that they had exposed to the gaze of man. Still further down liars and slanderers hang by their tongues from red-hot hooks lacerating their faces with nails of copper. Those who neglected the rites of prayer and ablution are now monsters with the head of dogs and the bodies of swine and are the food of serpents. In the next mansion drunkards suffer the torture of raging thirst, which demons affect to quench with cups of a liquid fire that burns their entrails. Still lower, hired mourners and professional women singers hang head downwards and howl with pain as devils cut their tongues with burning shears. Adulterers are punished in a cone-shaped furnace... and their shrieks are drowned by the curses of their fellow damned at the stench of their putrid flesh. In the next mansion unfaithful wives hang by their breasts, their hands tied to their necks. Undutiful children are tortured in a fire by fiends with red-hot forks. Lower down, shackled in collars of fire, are those who failed to keep their word. Murderers are being knifed by demons in endless expiation of their crime. Lastly, in the fourteenth and lowest mansion of the first storey, are being crucified on burning pillars those who failed to keep the rule of prayer; as the flames devour them, their flesh is seen gradually to peel off their bones.[129] [130][131]

তিনিটা উপত্যকা

সম্পাদনা কৰক

The three valleys in Jahannam described in the Quran on separate occasions are:

  1. Ghayy
  2. Wayl
  3. Saqar

Of these valleys, Ghayy is for those who postpone their prayers to the time of the next prayer, Wayl is for worshippers who neglect their prayers, and Saqar (also described as one of the seven levels above) is for those who did not pray, did not feed the poor, waded in vain dispute with vain talkers, and denied the Day of Judgement until they died.[132]

গাঁত

সম্পাদনা কৰক

In addition to having levels, an important feature of Judgement Day is that hell is a huge pit over which the bridge of As-Sirāt crosses,[133] and from which sinners fall making their arrival in hell (see "Eschatological manuals" above) Christian Lange writes "it made sense to picture [hell] as a vast subterranean funnel, spanned by the Bridge, which the resurrected pass on their way to paradise,[134] with a brim (shafīr) and concentric circles leading down into a central pit at the bottom (qaʿr)."[135]

But along with a pit and levels, hell also has mountains, rivers, valleys and "even oceans" filled with "fire, blood, and pus".[24]

চেণ্টিয়েন্স

সম্পাদনা কৰক

Along with being a pit and a series of levels, some scholars, like al-Ghazali and the thirteenth-century Muslim scholar Al-Qurtubi, describe hell as a gigantic sentient being, rather than a place. In Paradise and Hell-fire in Imam al Qurtubi, Qurtubi writes, "On the Day of Judgment, hell will be brought with seventy thousand reins. A single rein will be held by seventy thousand angels...".[25] Based on verse 67:7 and verse 50:30, Jahannam inhales and has "breaths". Islamicity notes "the animalistic nature" of "The Fire" in Quranic verse 25:12: "When the Hellfire sees them from a distant place, they will hear its fury and roaring".[38] According to verse 50:30, God will ask Jahannam if it is full and Jahannam will answer: "Are there any more (to come)?"[136][26]

See also

সম্পাদনা কৰক

References

সম্পাদনা কৰক
  1. ↑ আৰবী: جهنم, jahannam, but other names include "the fire" النار, al-nar,[3] "blazing fire" جحيم, jaheem,[4] "that which breaks to pieces" حطمة hutamah,[5] "the abyss" هاوية, haawiyah,[6] "the blaze" سعير, sa’eer,[7] "place of burning" سقر Saqar, which are also often used as the names of different gates to hell.[8]

Explanatory notes

সম্পাদনা কৰক
  1. ↑ "One should note there was a near consensus among Muslim theologians of the later periods that punishment for Muslim grave sinners would only be temporary; eventually after a purgatory sojourn in hell's top layer they would be admitted into paradise."[14]
  2. ↑ Scholars differ on the number of references in the Qur'an. A. Jones counts 92 "significant passages" about Hell and 62 about Paradise,[32] while Lange identified about 400 verses "relating, in a meaningful way" to Hell, and about 320 to Paradise.[33] Other scholars claim Paradise gets "significantly more space" in the Qur'an than Hell.[34]
  3. ↑ Other hadith include
    • Narrated `Imran: The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "I looked at Paradise and saw that the majority of its residents were the poor; and I looked at the (Hell) Fire and saw that the majority of its residents were women." (Sahih al-Bukhari 5198: Book 67, Hadith 132. Vol. 7, Book 62, Hadith 126
    • It was narrated that ‘Abd-Allah ibn ‘Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "I was shown Hell and I have never seen anything more terrifying than it. And I saw that the majority of its people are women." They said, "Why, O Messenger of Allah?" He said, "Because of their ingratitude (kufr)." It was said, "Are they ungrateful to Allah?" He said, "They are ungrateful to their companions (husbands) and ungrateful for good treatment. If you are kind to one of them for a lifetime then she sees one (undesirable) thing in you, she will say, ‘I have never had anything good from you.’" (Narrated by al-Bukhari, 1052)[96]
    • "The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) went out to the musalla (prayer place) on the day of Eid al-Adha or Eid al-Fitr. He passed by the women and said, ‘O women! Give charity, for I have seen that you form the majority of the people of Hell.' They asked, ‘Why is that, O Messenger of Allah?' He replied, ‘You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religious commitment than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you.’ The women asked, ‘O Messenger of Allah, what is deficient in our intelligence and religious commitment?' He said, ‘Is not the testimony of two women equal to the testimony of one man?’ They said, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Is it not true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?' The women said, ‘Yes.’ He said, ‘This is the deficiency in her religious commitment.’" (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 304)[97]
    • It was narrated that Jabir ibn ‘Abd-Allah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: "I attended Eid prayers with the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). He started with the prayer before the khutbah (sermon), with no adhan (call to prayer) or iqamah (final call to prayer). Then he stood up, leaning on Bilal (may Allah be pleased with him), speaking of fear of Allah (taqwa) and urging us to obey Him. He preached to the people and reminded them. Then he went over to the women and preached to them and reminded them. Then he said, ‘Give in charity, for you are the majority of the fuel of Hell. A woman with dark cheeks stood up in the midst of the women and said, ‘Why is that, O Messenger of Allah?' He said, ‘Because you complain too much and are ungrateful to your husbands.’ Then they started to give their jewelry in charity, throwing their earrings and rings into Bilal's cloak." (Narrated by Muslim, 885)[98]
  4. ↑ However, if the number of men and women are approximately equal, both these Hadith could not be true at the same time.
  5. ↑ hadith At-Tirmidhi (1999), Abu Dawood (4091) and Ibn Maajah (59) narrated from ‘Abdullah ibn Mas‘ood that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: "No one will enter Paradise in whose heart is an atom's weight of arrogance and no one will enter Hell in whose heart is an atom's weight of faith."[110][111][112]
  6. ↑ hadiths, ... were compiled into special eschatological handbooks by authors such as:
    • Saʿīd b. Janāḥ (Shiʿi, fl. early 3rd/9th c.),
    • Ibn Abī l-Dunyā (Sunni, d. 281/894),
    • al-Ghazālī (Sunni, d. 505/1111),
    • al-Qurṭubī (Sunni, d. 671/1272),
    • al-Suyūṭī (Sunni, d. 911/1505),
    • al-Baḥrānī (Shiʿi, d. 1107/1695–6),
    • al-Saffārīnī (Sunni, d. 1189/1774),
    • Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān (Sunni, d. 1307/1890)
    • Muḥammad b. Yūsuf Aṭfayyish (Ibāḍī, d. 1332/1917), etc.[75]
    There are also "anonymous, popular compilations"; two texts in particular that focus mainly on hell are:
    • Daqāʾiq al-akhbār fī dhikr al-janna wa-l-nār26
    • Qurrat al-ʿuyūn[75]
  7. ↑ Here is another tradition of layers quoted by A. F. Klein:
    1. A fire for sinners among the Muslims;
    2. Inferno interim for the sinner among the Christians;
    3. Provisional destination for sinners among the Jewish;
    4. The burning fire for renegades;
    5. A place for witches and fortunetellers;
    6. Furnace for the disbelievers;
    7. A bottomless abyss for hypocrites, like the Pharaoh and people who disbelieves after Isa's table or Muslims who are outwardly believers but inwardly infidels.[13]
  8. ↑ According to the first part of verse Q.65:12, "It is Allah Who has created seven heavens and of the earth the like thereof (i.e. seven). ...

Citations

সম্পাদনা কৰক
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.401
  2. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.3
  3. ↑ "Islamic Terminology". http://islamic-dictionary.tumblr.com/post/4725662151/an-nar-arabic-literally-means-fire-but। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 December 2014. 
  4. ↑ "Surah Al-Baqarah – 119". quran.com. https://quran.com/2/119। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  5. ↑ "Surah Al-Humazah – 4". quran.com. https://quran.com/104/4। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  6. ↑ "Surah Al-Qari'ah – 9". quran.com. https://quran.com/101/9। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  7. ↑ "Surah Al-Mulk – 5". quran.com. https://quran.com/67/5। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. Shabob118–9. ISBN 9780231140850. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Ghazali+on+jahannam&pg=PT143। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 25 December 2014. 
  9. ↑ Emerick, Yahiya (2011). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Islam (3rd সম্পাদনা). Penguin. ISBN 9781101558812. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6LQJWalzQkC&q=hell+in+islam&pg=PT97. 
  10. ↑ Tom Fulks, Heresy? The Five Lost Commandments, Strategic Book Publishing 2010 আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-1-609-11406-0 p. 74
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.405
  12. ↑ Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.86
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 A F Klein Religion Of Islam Routledge 2013 আই.এচ.বি.এন. 978-1-136-09954-0 page 92
  14. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.7
  15. ↑ Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. BRILL. পৃষ্ঠা. 12. ISBN 978-90-04-30121-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7. "5 While, as noted above, some theologians held that only paradise was eternal, while Hell would eventually perish ( fanāʾ al-nār), the majority agreed that Hell too was eternal unto eternity, that is, a parte post (abad) (cf. Q 4:169, 5:119, passim)" 
  16. ↑ "A Description of Hellfire (part 1 of 5): An Introduction". Religion of Islam. http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/344/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 December 2014. "No one will come out of Hell except sinful believers who believed in the Oneness of God in this life and believed in the specific prophet sent to them (before the coming of Muhammad)." 
  17. ↑ Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.413
  18. ↑ Lange, Christian (2016). "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies". Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. BRILL. পৃষ্ঠা. 12. ISBN 978-90-04-30121-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.7. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Elias, Afzal Hoosen. "Conditions and Stages of Jahannam (Hell)". discoveringIslam.org. http://www.discoveringislam.org/jahannam.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 25 December 2014. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Qurṭubī, Tadhkira, 93; quoted in Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.14
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2001). The Qur'an. প্ৰকাশক Elmhurst, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc.. পৃষ্ঠা. 353–4. 
  22. ↑ "Islamic Beliefs about the Afterlife". Religion Facts. http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/beliefs/afterlife.htm। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 December 2014. 
  23. ↑ Q.15:44
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.15
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ford, Khadija; Reda Bedeir (1425). Paradise and Hell-fire in Imâm Al-Qurtubî. প্ৰকাশক El-Mansoura Egypt: Dar Al-Manarah. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (n.d.). The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'an. 2. প্ৰকাশক Cairo Egypt: Dar al-Kitab. পৃষ্ঠা. 1415. 
  27. ↑ Berlin 2011, পৃষ্ঠা 285
  28. ↑ Bernstein, Alan E. (2017). Hell and Its Rivals: Death and Retribution among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Early Middle Ages (1 সম্পাদনা). Cornell University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1qv5q7k. 
  29. ↑ Richard P. Taylor (2000). Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia. "JAHANNAM From the Hebrew ge-hinnom, which refers to a valley outside Jerusalem, Jahannam is the Islamic word for hell."
  30. ↑ "The Foreign Vocabulary of the Quran". Oriental Institute Barods. 1938. https://archive.org/stream/foreignvocabular030753mbp/foreignvocabular030753mbp_djvu.txt. 
  31. ↑ Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.402
  32. ↑ Jones, Paradise and Hell, 110
  33. ↑ Lange, Paradise and Hell chapter 1, (forthcoming),
  34. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.5
  35. ↑ "Surah An-Naba - 1-40". https://quran.com/78?startingVerse=17. 
  36. ↑ Shakir translation, quoted in Thomassen, Einar (2009). "Islamic Hell". Numen খণ্ড 56 (2–3): 403. doi:10.1163/156852709X405062. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27793798। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 6 January 2022. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Kaltner, John, ed (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 228–9. ISBN 9781451411386. https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2 May 2015. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 AMATULLAH. "Paradise and Hell". Islamicity. http://www.islamicity.org/4766/paradise-and-hell/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 7 May 2018. 
  39. ↑ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (2001). The Qur'an. প্ৰকাশক Elmhurst, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an, Inc.. পৃষ্ঠা. 21. 
  40. ↑ Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.85-86
  41. ↑ "Quran 25:14". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/25:14. 
  42. ↑ "Quran 22:19". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/22:19. 
  43. ↑ "Surah Al-Waqi'ah – 42–43". quran.com. https://quran.com/56/42-43। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  44. ↑ "Surah Al-Mulk – 7–8". quran.com. https://quran.com/67/7-8। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  45. ↑ verse 7:50 states "The companions of the Fire will call to the Companions of the Garden: 'Pour down to us water or anything that God doth provide'".কোৰআন 7:50
  46. ↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; Surah Al-Hijr - 43-44 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; ETISN2009:407 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
  48. ↑ কোৰআন 6:132
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 Christian Lange Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions BRILL 978-90-04-30121-4 p. 12-13
  50. ↑ "Quran 4:145". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/4:145. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.6 Thomassen, "Islamic Hell", Numen, 56, 2009: p.404
  52. ↑ "Al-Masad, The Palm Fibre". quran.com. https://quran.com/111। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 28 January 2022. 
  53. ↑ Ibn Hisham, Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad p. 707. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  54. ↑ "Quran > Ibn-Kathir Al-Qur'an Tafsir > Surah 111. Al-Lahab . Ayah 1". Alim. https://www.alim.org/quran/tafsir/ibn-kathir/surah/111/1। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 28 January 2022. 
  55. ↑ "Quran 11:106". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/11:106. 
  56. ↑ "Quran 4:56". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/4:56. 
  57. ↑ "Surah Ibrahim – 16–17". quran.com. https://quran.com/14/16-17। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  58. ↑ "Surah Al-Haqqah – 30–32". quran.com. https://quran.com/69/30-32। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  59. ↑ "Quran 14:50". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/14:50. 
  60. ↑ Quran 67:7 কোৰআন 67:7
  61. ↑ Kaltner, John, ed (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 233. ISBN 9781451411386. https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2 May 2015. 
  62. ↑ "Surah Ash-Shu'ara - 96-102". quran.com. https://quran.com/26/96-102। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-08-24. 
  63. ↑ "Quran 41:24". https://tanzil.net/#trans/en.hilali/41:24. 
  64. ↑ Gwynne, Rosalind W. 2002. "Hell and Hellfire." Encyclopaedia of the Quran, 2: :416a
  65. ↑ কোৰআন 73:13
  66. ↑ কোৰআন 86:7
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Kaltner, John, ed (2011). Introducing the Qur'an: For Today's Reader. Fortress Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 232. ISBN 9781451411386. https://books.google.com/books?id=CBFKDjJgh9UC&q=jahannam। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2 May 2015. 
  68. ↑ কোৰআন 39:36
  69. ↑ Farooqi, M.I.H.. "Zaqqum in light of the Quran". Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc.. http://www.irfi.org/articles4/articles_5001_6000/zaqqum_in_the_light_of_quran.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 30 December 2014. 
  70. ↑ কোৰআন 17:60
  71. ↑ কোৰআন 37:62-68
  72. ↑ কোৰআন 44:43
  73. ↑ কোৰআন 56:52
  74. ↑ Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.66
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.6 উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: Invalid <ref> tag; name "CLLHiIT2016:6" defined multiple times with different content
  76. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari. search of "bridge"". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/search?q=bridge। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 3 February 2022. 
  77. ↑ Ghazālī, Iḥyāʾ, v.157, trans. Winter p.221-2; quoted in Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.14
  78. ↑ সাঁচ:Hadith-usc (Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith number 567)
  79. ↑ কোৰআন 56:39–55
  80. ↑ al-Ghazali (1989). The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife. The Islamic Text Society. পৃষ্ঠা. ?. 
  81. ↑ "The ratio of people of Paradise to people of Hell – Islam Question & Answer". Islam Question & Answer. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/22836/the-ratio-of-people-of-paradise-to-people-of-hell। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 24 October 2019. 
  82. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 57 Jahannam". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/malik/57। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 23 January 2022. 
  83. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 57 Hadith 2". http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=107. 
  84. ↑ al-Bukhari. "87:155". http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/120-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2087.%20Interpretation%20of%20Dreams/7753-sahih-bukhari-volume-009-book-087-hadith-number-155.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2012-12-05. 
  85. ↑ Rustomji, The Garden and the Fire, 2009: p.117-8
  86. ↑ "The Coldness of Zamhareer". subulassalaam.com. http://www.subulassalaam.com/articles/article.cfm?article_id=111#.VK2z58lggXg। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 7 January 2015. 
  87. ↑ Christian Lange Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions BRILL 978-90-04-30121-4 p. 16
  88. ↑ Naik, Zakir (13 September 2018). "Avoid these 7 Deadly Sins that doom a person to Hell". Islam Peace. https://www.islam-peace.com/7-deadly-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2022. 
  89. ↑ "The seven sins that doom a person to Hell". Islam Question and Answer. 15 November 2014. https://islamqa.info/amp/en/answers/200632b। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 12 January 2022. 
  90. ↑ "Commentary on hadith. The seven sins that doom a person to Hell". Islam Helpline. http://www.islamhelpline.net/iqa/answer/29/200632/the-seven-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2022. 
  91. ↑ Al-Hakeem, Assem. "What Are The 7 Major Sins That Doom A Person To Hell". Islamic fiqh. https://islamicfiqh.net/en/videos/what-are-the-7-major-sins-that-doom-a-person-to-hell-2489। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2022. 
  92. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 29 – Belief – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:29. 
  93. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 304". amrayn.com. https://amrayn.com/bukhari:304. 
  94. ↑ "Sahih Muslim 2736". amrayn.com. https://amrayn.com/muslim:2736. 
  95. ↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 5196". amrayn.com. https://amrayn.com/bukhari:5196. 
  96. ↑ Bukhari. "2. Belief. (21)Chapter: To be ungrateful to one's husband. And disbelief is of (different grades) lesser (or greater) degrees.". sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:29। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 February 2022. 
  97. ↑ Bukhari. "(6) Chapter: A menstruating women should leave observing Saum (fasting)". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:304। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 February 2022. 
  98. ↑ Muslim. "8 The Book of Prayer – Two Eids. Sahih Muslim 885b". Sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/muslim:885b। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 5 February 2022. 
  99. ↑ ʿUmar Sulaymān al-Ashqar, al-Yawm al-ākhir, iii, 83–4
  100. ↑ "Sahih Muslim 2834a – The Book of Paradise, its Description, its Bounties and its Inhabitants – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. https://sunnah.com/muslim:2834a. 
  101. ↑ at-Tadhkirah, al-Qurtubî, p. 475
  102. ↑ "Hadith Qudsi 39". Forty Hadith QudsiSacredHadith.com. http://hadithqudsi.sacredhadith.com/hadith-qudsi-39/. 
  103. ↑ Sahih Muslim. "001:199". http://www.hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/129-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2001.%20Faith/8585-sahih-muslim-book-001-hadith-number-0199.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2012-12-05. 
  104. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 56 Hadith 6". http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=106. 
  105. ↑ সাঁচ:Hadith-usc
  106. ↑ al-Bukhari. "72:834". http://hadithcollection.com/about-hadith-books/105-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2072.%20Dress/6845-sahih-bukhari-volume-007-book-072-hadith-number-834.html। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2012-12-05. 
  107. ↑ Imam Malik. "Chapter 49 Hadith 11". http://ahadith.co.uk/chapter.php?cid=99&page=2. 
  108. ↑ সাঁচ:Hadith-usc
  109. ↑ Parshall, Phil (1989). "8. Hell and Heaven". The Cross and the Crescent Understanding the Muslim Mind and Heart. Global Mapping International. পৃষ্ঠা. 132. http://www.misjon.info/uploads/media/the_cross_and_the_crescent__parshall.pdf। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 29 December 2014. 
  110. ↑ "Who are your friends?". hadith of the day. 20 September 2016. https://hadithoftheday.com/who-are-your-friends/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2022. 
  111. ↑ "Atom's Weight Of Arrogance And Faith.". ask ghamidi. https://ask.ghamidi.org/forums/discussion/62625/। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2022. 
  112. ↑ Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid (2013-10-13). "170526: Commentary on the hadeeth, "No one who has an atom's weight of faith in his heart will enter Hell"". Islam Question and Answer. https://islamqa.info/en/170526। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 20 June 2017. 
  113. ↑ Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., আই.এচ.বি.এন. 0884022358. pp. 229–231.
  114. ↑ Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 117. ISBN 9780231140850. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Jahannam+%22in+more+deliberate+ways%22&pg=PT141। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 15 March 2015. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Rustomji, Nerina (2009). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. পৃষ্ঠা. 121. ISBN 9780231140850. https://books.google.com/books?id=YVasAgAAQBAJ&q=Al-Ghazali+on+jahannam&pg=PT143। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 25 December 2014. 
  116. ↑ Halevi, Leor (4 May 2007). "The torture of the grave Islam and the afterlife". The New York Times. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/04/opinion/04iht-edhalevi.1.5565834.html?_r=0. 
  117. ↑ Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyyah; Layla Mabrouk (1987). The Soul's Journey after Death. Dar Al-Taqwa. 
  118. ↑ Qushayrī, Miʿrāj, 40, 47, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17
  119. ↑ Daqāʾiq al-akhbār, 70, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17
  120. ↑ see footnote 116 quoted in Christian Lange p.18
  121. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.18
  122. ↑ Muttaqī, Kanz, x, 82, quoted in "Christian Lange p.17
  123. ↑ Abū Nuʿaym, Ḥilya iv, 2, 112; Qurṭubī, Tadhkira ii, 76–7, 130; Muttaqī, Kanz iii, 200, vi, 18. all quoted in Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.18
  124. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.131
  125. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.131, note 79
  126. ↑ Qurtubi, Tadhkira, ii, 101, 105
  127. ↑ Suyūṭī, Budūr, 411
  128. ↑ al-Thaʿlabī: Qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāʾ, Cairo [1960]; quoted in "Christian Lange p. 12-13"
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Asin Palacios, Miguel. 1968. Islam and the Divine Comedy. Trans. H. Sutherland. London: Frank Cass. 1968 (First published 1926.) 13–14
  130. ↑ For the Arabic text summarized here, and a Spanish translation of it, see Asin Palacios 1984:432-37- Asin's source is a Leiden manuscript. (Leiden University Library Or. 786, no. 7) containing a copy of the anonymous Khabar al-Mi'rāj attributed to Ibn Abbas. Graphic illustrations of the various punishments are found in the famous miniatures of Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale Suppl. turc 190; see Seguy 1977.
  131. ↑ See also Smith & Haddad, Islamic Understanding, 1981: p.86-7
  132. ↑ al-Dhahabi (1351). Major Sins. https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_Major_sins.pdf. 
  133. ↑ উদ্ধৃতি ত্ৰুটি: অবৈধ <ref> টেগ; Bukhārī p.12 নামৰ refৰ বাবে কোনো পাঠ্য প্ৰদান কৰা হোৱা নাই
  134. ↑ Lange, "Introducing Hell in Islamic Studies", 2016: p.12
  135. ↑ al-Qurṭubī: Al-Tadhkira fī aḥwāl al-mawtā wa-umūr al-ākhira, ed. Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā, 2 vols in 1, Cairo 1980. ii, 108. quoted in Christian Lange p.12
  136. ↑ "Surat Qaf [50:30"]. The Noble Qur'an – القرآن الكريم. legacy.quran.com. https://legacy.quran.com/50/30। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 2021-09-23. 

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